Standard language
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A standard language (also standard dialect or standardized dialect) is a particular variety of a language that has been given either legal or quasi-legal status. As it is usually the form promoted in schools and the media, it is usually considered by speakers of the language to be more "correct" in some sense than other dialects.
Usually, but not always, based on the tongue of a capital city, a standard language is defined by the selection of certain regional and class markers, and the rejection of others. This is the version of a language that is typically taught to learners of the language as a foreign language, and most texts written in that language follow its spelling and grammar norms.
Some of the features that identify a standard language include:
- A recognized dictionary or group of dictionaries which embody a standardized spelling and vocabulary;
- A recognized grammar which records the forms, rules and structures of the language, and which commends some forms and castigates others;
- A standard system of pronunciation, which is considered "educated" or "proper" speech by the speakers, and which is considered free from regional marking;
- An institution promoting the use of the language and given some authority in defining the norms of its use, such as the Académie française or the Royal Spanish Academy;
- Statutes or constitutions giving that language an official legal status in a country's system of law;
- The use of the language in public life, such as in the work of courts and legislatures;
- A canon of literature;
- Translations of important sacred texts such as the Bible into that language, which are considered to be authoritative by their believers;
- The teaching of the language's standards of grammar and spelling in schools;
- The selection of this particular dialect of a language as being especially appropriate to be taught to learners of foreign languages.
The creation of a standard language represents the triumph of a certain variety of linguistic prescription; its selection means that the speech of areas with features that vary from the standard so upheld are devalued or "deprecated." This means that in some countries, the selection of a standard language is a social and political issue. The act of seeking to define a language standard can be an act of nationalism or support of political devolution.
In Norwegian, for example, two parallel standard languages exist, one called Bokmål, based partly on the local pronunciation of Danish back when Norway was ruled by Denmark; and a second, called Nynorsk, based on a comparison of different Norwegian dialects. While Italian contains dialects that vary from each other even more than the two versions of Norwegian do, there remains a single standard Italian; curiously, standard Italian is not based on the speech of the capital, Rome, but on the speech of Florence. In Spain, Standard Spanish is likewise not based on the speech of Madrid, but on that of the more northerly province of Valladolid. In Argentina and Uruguay the Spanish standard is based on the local dialects of Buenos Aires and Montevideo. This is known as Rioplatense Spanish, distinguishable from other standards of Spanish by the greater use of the voseo.
Standard German is not based on a specific city or region but was developed over a process of several hundred years, in which writers tried to write in a way that was understood in the largest area. Until about 1800 Standard German was almost entirely a written language. In this time, people in northern Germany, who spoke Low German dialects very different from Standard German, learnt it almost like a foreign language. Later the Northern pronunciation was considered standard and spread southward; in some regions (such as around Hanover) the local dialect completely died out.
The basic structure and words in standard Finnish (yleiskieli) are largely based on Western Finnish. One reason is that Mikael Agricola, who conceived the written language in the 1500s, was from Turku, the capital at the time. However, the language was consciously developed further to become a fusion of dialects and a "logical" language for "proper" written text. One aim was national unification, in accordance to the nationalistic principle. Another was regularity and consistency, even if it goes against the general usage. For example, ruoka becomes ruoan in standard language, when the pronunciation is ruuan. Thus the terms yleiskieli and standard language do not coincide exactly; the Finnish standard language does not have a spoken register. The standard language became a homogenizing force on the dialects, when mobility of the work force increased, creating the language of generic spoken Finnish. This is a dialect seen as "accentless", but considerably different from yleiskieli.
The Chinese language comprises a wide variety of spoken variants known as fangyan (Chinese: 方言). Among all the variants, Standard Mandarin has official status as the standard spoken form of the Chinese language in the People's Republic of China (PRC), the Republic of China (ROC) the Republic of Singapore. This standard form is named as Putonghua (普通话, lit. common speech) by the PRC, Guoyu (國語), lit. national language) by the ROC, and Huayu (华语, lit. Chinese language) by Singapore. Pronunciations of Standard Mandarin is based on the Beijing dialect of Mandarin Chinese, while grammar and syntax is based on modern vernacular Chinese.
In South Asia, two standardized dialects of the Hindustani language are given official status -- Hindi (the official national language of India) and Urdu (the official national language of Pakistan and an official regional language in India)). As a result, Hindustani is often referred to as "Hindi-Urdu."
Other standard languages present fewer complicating factors. The pre-eminence of Parisian French has reigned largely unchallenged throughout the history of recent French literature. In British English, the standard Received Pronunciation is based on the language of the upper classes in the London area, and is based on the sociolect that comes out of the British private boarding schools.
In the United States, there are variations of American English throughout but the General American accent is considered unofficial because it is perceived as accentless by most Americans.
While the United States federal government has no official language, many U.S. states and territories have designated English as the official state language, and six jurisdictions (Louisiana, New Mexico, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, American Samoa) recognize English and an additional language. The Northern Mariana Islands are officially trilingual.
