St. Francis River (Minnesota)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

1 Course
2 History and preservation
3 See also
4 External links
5 References

The Saint Francis River is a principal tributary of the Elk River in east-central Minnesota in the United States.^[1] Via the Elk, it is part of the watershed of the Mississippi River.

[edit] Course

The St. Francis River rises in northeastern Benton County, and flows generally southwardly into Sherburne County, where it passes through the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge and Sand Dunes State Forest. It joins the Elk River about 1 mi (2 km) north of the community of Big Lake.^[2] In its uppermost course, it collects a minor headwaters stream known as the West Branch St. Francis River.^[3]

[edit] History and preservation

Humans have lived in the St. Francis River valley for over 10,000 years; Native American village sites in the Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge date back to 1300 A.D. More recently the area was settled in the 1870s under the Homestead Act.^[4]

Historically, the St. Francis River basin was known as one of the finest wildlife areas in the state, with large numbers of ducks, muskrats, beavers and mink supported by small lakes and marshes near the river which were abundant with wild rice and other wetland plants. The surrounding upland was primarily oak savanna which provided habitat for elk, bison, and gray wolves. By the mid-twentieth century, several developments had severely reduced the value of wildlife habitat in the basin. Wetlands were drained by a ditch system, built in the 1920s to increase agricultural acreage. In the early 1940s lakes and streams in the basin were invaded by carp, the feeding activities of which resulted in the uprooting of submerged vegetation important to aquatic wildlife. In addition, the native oak savanna upland habitat was converted to agriculture or home sites through logging and plowing. Protection from fire allowed the oak savanna to convert to dense woodlands. The Sherburne National Wildlife Refuge was established in 1965 as an attempt to restore the native wildlife habitat of the St. Francis River's watershed, with land purchased using duck stamp funds.^[4]