Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora
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The Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora also known as Jaffnese diaspora and Ceylonese diaspora refers to the global diaspora of the people of Sri Lankan Tamil origin. It can be said to be a subset of the larger Tamil diaspora.
Like other diasporas, Sri Lankan Tamils are scattered and dispersed across the globe, with concentrations in Canada, India, Europe, Australia, USA, Malaysia and Singapore.
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[edit] Origin of the terms
The term Ceylonese is derived from Ceylon which was the British name for Sri Lanka. Jaffnese refers those people from the Jaffna region. Most of the people from the Diaspora tend to be from this region. The term Jaffnese is said to also refer to the ancient Jaffna kingdom to which all Sri Lankan Tamils claim cultural lineage.
The terms Ceylonese and Jaffnese are popularly used in Malaysia and Singapore by the Sri Lankan Tamils to differentiate themselves from the larger Malaysian Indian population who are predominantly of Tamil origin.
[edit] Distinct phases of immigration
The Sri Lankan Tamil diaspora is difficult to explain in one example. It was neither a continuous process nor a sudden one. It cannot be attributed to a single circumstance or incident. In fact, even the history of migration of Sri Lankan Tamils in each country is different and has to be read and understood separately.
However, to simplify, the Diaspora can be divided into three distinct periods:
[edit] History
In the past, Sri Lankan Tamils tended to differentiate themselves from emigrant Indian Tamil communities in host countries by their cast, socio-economic status, unique Sri Lankan Tamil dialects, religious practices and food and cultural habits.[1]
In the early periods, Tamils from Lanka were said to be international merchants. Some of the recorded South Indian Tamil merchants who did trade with the Europeans and East Asians were from the Jaffna region.[citation needed]
However, not much history is recorded of any migrations of Tamil people to foreign lands. At best, it could be said, whatever minimal migration that existed occurred with good assimilation of the Tamil merchants into the local culture.[citation needed]
[edit] British Colonial Period
The Sri Lankan Tamils were quick to grab educational and economic opportunities available to them when Sri Lanka was under British colonial rule.
Mostly the Vellalar Jaffna Tamils availed themselves of the educational opportunities provided by the colonial authorities and missionaries and took up many government posts offered to locals by the British. The British themselves were said to prefer Tamils, leading to the majority Sinhalese disenchantment with the minority Tamils who felt the Tamils were much better off and the Sinhalese were deprived leading to the current ethnic conflict.
In foreign lands under British rule, the British needed hardworking and skillful people to take up government posts, mainly as clerks. This lead to the first wave of migrations by the Tamils to countries such as Malaysia (then Malaya), Singapore and the then Madras Presidency in India.
[edit] Malaysia and Singapore
Ceylonese Tamils made up an overwhelming majority in the civil service of British Malaya and Singapore prior to independence. It was in Malaysia and Singapore, that the term Ceylonese and Jaffnese are popularly used by the Sri Lankan Tamils to differentiate themselves from the larger Malaysian Indian population who are predominantly of Tamil origin.
Many of the first Asian and non-white doctors and engineers in Malaya and Singapore were of Sri Lankan Tamil descent. The world's first Asian surgeon was Dr. S.S.Thiruchelvam, a Malayan of Ceylonese Tamil origin.
Former Singaporean Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew once said, “In terms of numbers, the Ceylonese, like the Eurasians, are among the smallest of our various communities. Yet in terms of achievements and contributions to the growth and development of the modern Singapore and Malaysia they have done more than warranted by their numbers. In the early days of Malaysia’s and Singapore’s history the civil service and the professions were manned by a good number of Ceylonese. Even today the Ceylonese community continues to play a prominent role in these and other fields of civil life. For example in Singapore, today, the Speaker of Parliament is a Ceylonese. So is our High Commissioner in Great Britain. So is our Foreign Minister. In the Judiciary, in the civil service, in the university, in the medical Service and in the professions they continue to make substantial contributions out of all proportion to their numbers. They are there not because they are members of a minority community but on the basis of merit. The point is that the Ceylonese are holding their own in open competition with communities far larger than them. They have asked for no special favour or consideration as a minority. What they have asked for – and quite rightly – is that they should be judged on their merits and that they be allowed to compete with all other citizens fairly and without discrimination. This, as far as the Singapore government is concerned, is what is best for all of us. I believe that the future belongs to that society which acknowledges and rewards ability, drive and high performance without regard to race, language or religion.”
The Ceylonese community established many schools, banks, cultural societies, cooperatives and temples in Malaysia and Singapore. Some good examples would be the Vivekananda Tamil Primary School, the Jaffnese Cooperative Society and the Sri Kandaswamy Temple in Brickfields, Kuala Lumpur.
Many Ceylonese were also involved in the independence movements in Malaya and Singapore. In Singapore, there are many current and past ministers who are of Ceylonese Tamil in origin and Tamil is a national language. Sinnathamby Rajaratnam was the former foreign minister and deputy prime minister of Singapore and regarded as one of the founding fathers of Singapore. His death in 2006 was marked with a state funeral by the government of Singapore. The Singapore flag was flown at half mast at all public buildings and former Prime Minister and friend Lee Kuan Yew cried when giving his eulogy.
Even today, the Sri Lankan community in Malaysia and Singapore is an upwardly mobile community taking up many professional and government posts. One of Malaysia's and South East Asia's richest men is billionaire Tan Sri Ananda Krishnan, who regularly makes it to Forbes magazine's billionaire list.
[edit] Pre-1983
During the period post-independence and prior to Black July 1983, there was not much migrations. This is due to the fact that Tamils were having no problem or lack of opportunities in Sri Lanka.
However, this changed as the government of Sri Lanka, which tended to be controlled by Sinhalese started introducing policies, such as the Sinhala Only Act, which curtailed opportunities for Tamils in Sri Lanka.
Before 1956, Tamils were proportionately over-represented in the civil service because of their high achievement of English language proficiency. Until 1956, this was their passport to government employment. As Cheran (2000: 110) argues, "[t]he class dimension of the Sinhala Only Act must not be forgotten. The battle of the languages was in reality a battle for government jobs." Unemployment among [the majority] Sinhala youth generated considerable political pressure for the government to act in a manner that ironically consolidated identity based on nation, despite the economic antecedents to such identity formation. [1]
Many Tamil professionals started migrating to foreign lands where they felt the grass was greener and opportunities abundant.
[edit] Post-1983
The eruption of the civil conflict in Sri Lanka between the Sri Lankan government and the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam saw mass migrations of Tamils to escape the hardships and bitter life of a country torn at war.(See also Black July)
Initially, it was professionals such as doctors and engineers who emigrated. This was followed by the poorer segments of the community who sold everything they had to be able to get a passport and ticket and seek asylum in foreign lands.[citation needed]
Many of these migrations were to countries such as Canada, Australia, UK, Germany and other European countries. This community of migrants had no problem getting employment and have made use of the opportunities available in their respective host country, living out the national dream.[citation needed]
Many of the Tamils have made a successful living and the average income of the community is higher than the respective national average.[citation needed]
[edit] Australia
Among the first Sri Lankan immigrants to Australia were those recruited to work on the cane plantations of northern Queensland in the late 19th century. There are also reports of Sri Lankan workers in the gold-mining regions of New South Wales and the pearling industry in Broome, Western Australia. Estimates of numbers during this time range from 500 to 1,000 persons; the 1901 Australian Census recorded 609 Sri Lanka-born.
There was no significant migration from Sri Lanka before 1948, when the country gained independence from Britain. When the Sinhalese began to assert the power of their majority, however, many Burghers or English-speakers of Sri Lankan - European descent and Tamils began to migrate to other countries.
Following implementation of the Immigration Restriction Act 1901, which introduced policies excluding non-Europeans from entry to Australia, those of non-European appearance were precluded from entry. Thus the Burghers alone were allowed to enter Australia.
In the early 1970s, the restrictions on entry of non-Europeans were eased and a new wave of Tamils, Sinhalese and Burghers entered the country. Between 1961 and 1971, the Sri Lanka-born population rose from 3,433 to 9,091 and again to 22,516 by the time of the 1986 Census.
In the period of 1986 - 1996, the Sri Lanka-born community in Australia has doubled in size. The upsurge of migration from Sri Lanka has resulted from the continuing conflict between Tamil separatists and the Sri Lankan Government. The number of humanitarian entrants has increased since the introduction in January 1995 of the Special Assistance Category (SAC) Class 215 for Sri Lankans. The most recent wave of migrants to Australia includes Sinhalese Buddhists and Tamil Hindus who have strong cultural and political consciousness. Since 1991, there has also seen significant migration from Sri Lanka under the Family Migration, Onshore Protection, and Skilled Migration categories.
The latest census in 2001 recorded 53,610 Sri Lanka-born persons in Australia, an increase of 14 per cent from 1996. The 2001 distribution by State and Territory showed Victoria had the largest number with 26,670 followed by New South Wales (16,910), Queensland (3,990) and Western Australia (2,970).
In 2001, of Sri Lanka-born people aged 15 years and over, 57.1 per cent held some form of educational or occupational qualification compared with 46.2 per cent for all Australians. Among the Sri Lanka born, 37.2 per cent had higher qualifications and 10.3 per cent had certificate level qualifications. Of the Sri Lanka-born with no qualifications, 24.9 per cent were still attending an educational institution.
Among Sri Lanka-born people aged 15 years and over, the participation rate in the labour force was 67.5 per cent and the unemployment rate was 7.9 per cent. The corresponding rates in the total Australian population were 63.0 and 7.4 per cent respectively. Of the 30,500 Sri Lanka-born who were employed, 51.7 per cent were employed in a Skilled occupation, 30.8 per cent in Semi-Skilled and 17.4 per cent in Unskilled. The corresponding rates in the total Australian population were 52.6, 28.9 and 18.6 per cent respectively. [2] [3]
[edit] Canada
The first Sri Lankan immigrants came to Canada, beginning in 1951, via Britain. They brought with them impeccable educational credentials and middle class standing (Vaitheespara, 1999). These immigrants were at once a legacy of the common colonial regime and subject to the largely exclusionary measures of a white settler society in Canada.
Canada’s connections to Sri Lanka were galvanized in January 1950 at the Commonwealth Conference on Foreign Affairs, held in Colombo (Colombo Plan, 2001). The meeting’s deliberations included a pledge to draw up development programs that would provide a framework for international cooperation among Commonwealth countries. This intergovernmental initiative became known as the Colombo Plan, a plan that continues to shape the economic and social development in the Asia-Pacific region today.
Most Tamils in Canada emigrated after the outbreak of civil war in 1983. For well over a decade Sri Lanka was one of Canada's largest sources of refugees. Sri Lankan Tamils have been called the asylum diaspora in Canada, reflecting the claims that they have made in order to stay in the country (McDowell, 1996).
Estimates of the number of Tamils in Canada vary. Most media outlets report a population of 250-300,000. The 2001 census reported 92,010 native speakers of Tamil, but this would exclude children raised in Canada, most of whom speak English as their first language.
The Tamil community is centred in the Toronto area. If the figure of 250,000 Tamils is correct, Toronto has more Tamils than major Sri Lankan cities such as Colombo and Jaffna, and may be the largest Sri Lankan Tamil city in the world.
The Tamil presence in Canada has not always been welcomed. In the 1980s, many people believed that most refugee claimants from Sri Lanka were "bogus refugees"; i.e. really economic rather than political migrants. Feelings came to a head after a boatload of 150 Tamils found off the Newfoundland coast turned out to have come from West Germany, not India as they originally claimed [4] In 1987, the Mulroney government passed legislation tightening admission criteria for refugees, in response to these perceived abuses.
Concerns have also been expressed about gangs and crime among Tamil youth, and alleged drug smuggling and fundraising for the LTTE. On the other hand, the community has steadily grown in prosperity over the past two decades, and now boasts a large number of educated professionals.
Toronto has the largest Srilankan Tamil community in the world.
[edit] UK
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British Tamils in Europe, UK has the longest established Sri Lankan Tamil community.[citation needed]. Over 200 000 Srilankan Tamils live in London, UK. Eight British-Srilankan Tamils are representing as Local Councillor in Greater London. More than 5000 Buissnes are owned by Srilankan Tamils contributing towards British Economy. More than 20 000 work in highly professional jobs ( University absolvents). More than 250 Law firms are established by Srilankan Tamils. The number of Srilankan Tamil Doctors or General Practions are above 6000. Rest of the Srilankan Tamils mostly work in Retail, Customer service known for working above 38 Hrs per week. This was published in London Based News paper in Nov 2006. First waves of Tamils came 1960 and 1970 mostly under scolarship or as Students. After 1983 Riots many Tamils have left NorthEast Srilanka so 1985 was the year of Tamil peoples movements towards Europe, UK. Many Tamils also arrived in UK as European Unoin Citizens from other Eu countries from 1996 onwards as they preferred their chldrens to study in English system or second generation Tamils from EU came to study in UK University many in Engineering, Accounting,Buissnes, only few of them returned to their EU Countries.
[edit] Germany
In Germany, the Tamils are highly organised and, though traditionally fluent in English, they have managed to pick German to the extent of speaking it as fluent as the natives.[citation needed] They are said to own two TV channels and 11 radio stations which are in Tamil.[citation needed] They own many businesses too contributing to the national economic growth.[citation needed]
Religious fervor among Tamil Germans intensified as their numbers swelled. Due to the inspirational encouragement of Hawaii Subramaniaswami – the disciple of Yoga Swamigal – two well organized Hindu temples – Sidhivinayagar Kovil and the kamadchi Amman Kovil –have in place in the city of Hamm since 1984. According to the journal Hinduism Today, the youth are being well trained in their religion and culture at home and in weekend schools in rented halls using texts from Sri Lanka. They even wear Hindu symbols of Vibuthi and Tilakam. [5]
The second, third Generations of Tamils have integrated very well in to the German socity contributing in all skilled profesions. Tamils are known as Hard workers .The identity of Hindus can be seen in city Hamm where the Temple was build with 17 meter high Gopuram and the layout rebuild in Germany after Kamadchi-Ampal Temple in South India.
[edit] France
In only 10 years, "Little Jaffna", located at the last stretch of the winding street of Rue du Faubourg Saint-Denis in the 10th arrondissement, between metros Gare de Nord and La Chapelle, has sprung to life and begun to truly flourish. It is commonly mistakenly called by the average Parisian as Little Bombay. [6]
The vast majority of Parisian Tamils fled Sri Lanka as refugees in the 1980s, escaping the violent civil conflict. The French Prefecture was initially quite reluctant about granting asylum to Tamils. In 1987, the Office for the Protection of Refugees (OFPRA) gained in power and opened up a period of nearly systematic asylum. This liberal period eventually tapered off in the 90s as a result of new European measures designed against an influx in immigration. Today, there are about 100,000 Sri Lankan Tamils living in France, of which the greatest number live in Paris.
Little Jaffna is also famous for the annual chariot procession held during Ganesha Chathurthi. Both the area and event have become popular tourist attractions.
[edit] Other European countries
Switzerland has about 40,000 Tamils, the majority of whom are from Sri Lanka who have gone as refugees. Although they are well entrenched in the country and integrated with the local community, yet they are actively alive to their Hindu religious and Tamil cultural links.[citation needed] Temples, cultural festivals, international conferences, seminars and meetings draw a large number of the Tamil Diaspora from other European countries to the various Swiss cities, so much so that it has become the nerve centre of Tamil cultural activism. Tamil language classes, dance and music classes run by voluntary bodies are fast increasing. First Generations of Srilankan-Tamils majority work in Restaurant and overtook through their hard work the role as chef cook, Restaurant management, serving Cusstomers. The recogonition earned as honest, hard working people through out the country. Second generation has compleated well educated skilled force to Swiss economy, working in finance, bank, Insurance,management. Large community established in Zuerich with a place known as little jaffna. Basel, Bern. Geneva.Most of the Tamils do reside in German part of Swiss.
Netherlands has more than 20,000 Tamils, the majority of whom are refugees from Sri Lanka.
Norway has about 13,000 Tamils, most of whom are Sri Lankan refugees. The city of Bergen is the home for about 400 Tamil families. It has become the centre for Tamil gatherings. Yogarajah Balasingam (Baskaran) is the first elected Tamil member for the city council there.
Sweden has a Tamil population of about 2,000 which is of recent origin.
Denmark has over 7,000 Tamils, the majority being refugees. There are two well-patronized Hindu temples – one for Vinayagar and another for Abhirami – and the Tamil population has got well adapted to the Danish environment. [7]
[edit] Statistics
The migrated Tamil population post-1983 is said to be above 800,000.
| Country | Sri Lankan Tamils |
| India | 150,000 |
| Canada | 320,000 |
| Germany | 60,000 |
| United Kingdom | 150,000 |
| France | 100,000 |
| Switzerland | 40,000 |
| United States | 35,000 |
| Italy | 24,000 |
| Malaysia | 20,000 |
| Australia | 53,000 |
| Norway | 13,000 |
| Netherlands | 7,000 |
| Sweden | 6,000 |
| New Zealand | 4,000 |
| Finland | 600 |
[edit] References and further reading
[edit] Books
- CHERAN, R. 2000 Changing Formations: Tamil Nationalism and National Liberation in Sri Lanka and the Diaspora, Ph.D. dissertation (Toronto: Department of Sociology, York University)
- CIC [Citizenship and Immigration Canada]. 2001 ‘Facts and Figures 2000: Immigration Overview’, (Ottawa: Ministry of Public Works and Government Services Canada) 1996 ‘Facts and Figures 1996: Immigration Overview’, accessed on May 9, 2001 at URL: www.cic.gc.ca/English/pub/facts96/4e.html
- VAITHEESPARA, R.1999 ‘Tamils’ in P. M. Magosci (ed.) Encyclopaedia of Canada’s Peoples. (Toronto: University of Toronto Press), 1247-1254
- WAYLAND, S. 2004 'Nationalist networks and Transnational Opportunities: the Sri Lankan Tamil Diaspora', Review of International Studies 30: 405-426.
- SRISKANDARAJAH, D. 2002 'The Migration-Development Nexus: Sri Lanka case study', paper prepared for the Centre for Development Research study: Migration- Development Links: Evidence and Policy Options, Magdalen College, Oxford, UK
[edit] Websites
- Tamil Diaspora - A Trans State Nation by Nadesan Satyendra
- History of Tamil Diaspora by V. Sivasupramaniam
- The Tamil Diaspora Refugees and migrants in the UK
- Diasporas support for Insurgencies a Rand report
- Brides as Bridges? Traditions, Marriage Markets and Tamil diaspora by Prof M .Sidharthan, Johns Hopkins University
- Stats on Tamil Migration from Sri Lanka
[edit] See also
- List of Sri Lankan Tamils
- List of loan words in Sri Lankan Tamil
- Sri Lankan Tamil Slang
- Tamil diaspora
