Spiritual evolution

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Spiritual evolution is the philosophical, theological, esoteric or spiritual idea that nature and human beings and/or human culture evolve along a predetermined cosmological pattern or ascent, or in accordance with certain pre-determined potentials.

This predeterminism of evolution concept is also complemented by the idea of a creative impulse in human beings, known as epigenesis.

Within this broad definition, theories of spiritual evolution are very diverse. They may be cosmological (describing existence at large), personal (describing the development of the individual), or both. They can be holistic (holding that higher realities emerge from and are not reducible to the lower), idealist (holding that reality is primarily mental or spiritual) or nondual (holding that there is no ultimate distinction between mental and physical reality). All of them can be considered to be teleological to a greater or lesser degree.

Philosophers, scientists, and educators that have proposed theories of spiritual evolution include Nader Angha, Schelling, Hegel, Max Théon, Henri Bergson, Sri Aurobindo, Jean Gebser, Pierre Teilhard de Chardin, Arthur M. Young, Edward Haskell, E. F. Schumacher, Erich Jantsch, Clare W. Graves, Aristotle, Alfred North Whitehead, Terrence McKenna, P.R. Sarkar, and Ken Wilber. These theorists tend (for the most part) to be non-materialistic or non-reductionistic.

Contents 1 Precursors to the Idea 1.1 The Cyclic Cosmos 1.2 Emanation 1.3 Samkhya 1.4 The Great Chain of Being 2 German Idealism 3 Occult Concepts of Spiritual Evolution 3.1 Spiritualism 3.2 Theosophical Conceptions 3.3 Theurgy 4 Evolution towards Godhead 4.1 A Common Vision 4.2 Teilhard de Chardin 4.3 Sri Aurobindo 5 Surat Shabda Yoga 6 Dynamic Evolution through successive Kingdoms 7 Energy Driven Evolution 8 New Age ideas 9 Integral theory and Spiral Dynamics 10 See also 11 References

[edit] Precursors to the Idea

[edit] The Cyclic Cosmos

Mircea Eliade has suggested that in many pre-modern cultures one finds the concept of the Fall and a "nostalgia for paradise". However for those cultures that have a cyclic cosmology, the concept of a progressive deterioration of the universe (as in the Hesiodic, Hindu, and Lurianic cosmologies of a degradation from a Golden Age to an Iron Age or Kali Yuga) might be balanced by a corresponding ascent to more spiritual stages and a return to paradisical conditions. This is what one finds in Buddhist and especially Jain cosmologies.

[edit] Emanation

Many premodern cosmologies and esoteric systems of thought are based on an emanationist view of reality. If the Cyclic view is temporal, then emanation is a non-temporal precursor to the theory of spiritual evolution.

According to this paradigm, Creation proceeds as an outpouring or even a transformation in the original Absolute or Godhead. The Supreme Light or Consciousness descends through a series of stages, gradations, worlds or hypostases, becoming progressively more material and embodied, before finally turning around to return to the One, retracing its steps through spiritual knowledge, contemplation and ascent.

A supreme example of this form of thinking is the Neoplatonism of Plotinus and his successors. Other examples and interpretations might be found in Kashmir Shaivism and Tantra in general, Gnosticism, Sufism, and Kabbalah. The Hindu idea of the Chakras might also considered here as the "microcosmic" counterpart of macrocosmic involution and evolution (the Yogi raises the Kundalini or life force through and thus transcends each chakra in turn, until he reaches the crown chakra and liberation (Avalon).

[edit] Samkhya

An early example of the doctrine of spiritual evolution is found in Samkhya, a teaching that goes back more than two and a half thousand years (although it's present form dates to around the 4th or 5th century c.e.). Unlike classic Hinduism, the traditional Samkhyan philosophy is atheistic and dualistic. Pure spirit (called purusha) comes into proximity with prakriti (psychophysical nature), disturbing its equilibrium. As a result the original root-prakriti (mulaprakriti) undergoes a series of progressive transformations or unfoldings, in the form of successive essences called tattvas. The most subtle tattwas emerge first, then progressively grosser ones, each in a particular order, and finally the elements and the organs of sense. The goal of evolution however is, paradoxically, the release of prurusha and the return to the unmanifest condition. Hence everything is tending towards a goal of spiritual quiescence (Larson 1979).

[edit] The Great Chain of Being

The concept of the Great Chain of Being developed by Plato and Aristotle whose ideas were taken up and synthesised by Plotinus. Plotinus in turn heavily influenced Augustine's theology, and from there Aquinas and the Scholastics. The Great Chain of Being was an important theme in Renaissance and Elizabethan thought, had an under-acknowledged influence on the shaping of the ideas of the Enlightenment and played a large part in the worldview of 18th century Europe. And while essentially a static worldview, by the 18th and early 19th century it had been "temporalized" by the concept of the soul ascending or progressing spiritually through the successive rungs or stages, and thus growing or evolving closer to God. (Lovejoy 1936) It also had at this time an impact on theories of biological evolution.

E. F. Schumacher, author of Small is Beautiful, has recently proposed a sort of simplified Great Chain of Being, based on the idea of four "kingdoms" (mineral, vegetable, animal, human) (Schumacher, 1977). Schumacher rejects modernist and scientific themes, his approach recalling the universalist orientation of writers like Huston Smith (Smith 1976), and quite likely contributing to (unless the latter developed his ideas completely independently) Ken Wilber's "holonomic" hierarchy or "Great Nest of Being" (Wilber 2000).

[edit] German Idealism

See text at German idealism section of Evolution (philosophy)

[edit] Occult Concepts of Spiritual Evolution

Theories of Spiritual Evolution are important in many Occult and Esoteric teachings, which emphasise the progression and development of the individual either after death (Spiritualism) or through successive reincarnations (Theosophy, Hermeticism).

[edit] Spiritualism

In the 19th century Anglo-American Spiritualist ideas emphasize the progression of the soul after death to higher states of existence, in contrast to the French and Brazilian Spiritualism of Allan Kardec, which admits reincarnation.

The Anglo-American position recalls (and is presumably inspired by) 18th century concepts regarding the temporalization of The Great Chain of Being. Spiritual evolution, rather than being a physical (or physico-spiritual) process is based on the idea of realms or stages through which the soul or spirit passes in a non-temporal, qualitative way. This is still an important part of some spiritualist ideas today, and is similar to some mainline (as opposed to fundamentalist) Protestant Christian beliefs, according to which after death the person goes to "a better place" or "heaven" (in English Spiritualism, Summerland).

[edit] Theosophical Conceptions

Theosophy presents a more sophisticated and complex cosmology than Spiritualism, although coming out of the same general milieu. H. P. Blavatsky developed a highly original cosmology, according to which the human race (both collectively and through the succession of individual reincarnation and spiritual evolution) passes through a number of Root Races, beginning with the huge ethereal and mindless Polarian or First Root Race, through the Lemurian (3rd), Atlantean (4th) and our present "Aryan" 5th Race. This will give rise to a future, Post-Aryan 6th Root Race of highly spiritual and enlightened beings, and an even more sublime 7th Root Race, before ascending to totally superhuman and cosmic states of existence.

Blavatsky's ideas were further developed by her successors, such as C.W. Leadbeater, Rudolph Steiner, and Alice Bailey, each of whom went into huge and often tedious detail in constructing baroque cycles of rounds, races, and sub-races.

Although including elements of the science of her day as well as both eastern and western esoteric thought, Blavatsky rejected the Darwinian idea that man evolved from apes, and most subsequent esotericists followed this lead. Darwinism, with its explanation of evolution through material factors like natural selection and random mutation, does not sit well with many spiritual evolutionists, for whom evolution is initiated or guided by metaphysical principles or is tending towards a final spiritual or divine state.

Despite this, Theosophists and Anthroposophists have tried to incorporate the facts of geology and paleontology into their cosmology and spiritual evolution (in Anthroposophy Hermann Poppelbaum is a particularly creative thinker in this regard). Some have attempted to equate Lemuria with Gondwanaland, for example. Today all these ideas have little influence outside their specialised followings, but for a time Theosophical concepts were immensely influential.

[edit] Theurgy

Theurgy has a clear relationship to neo-Platonism and Kabbalah and contains the concept of spiritual evolution and ultimately unification with God or the Godhead at its core. Theurgy is considered by many to be another term for high magic and is known to have influenced the members of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn many of whom considered the order to be Theurgic in nature. Aleister Crowley also considered his Thelemic system of magical philosophy to be a Theurgic tradition as it emphasized the Great Work, which is essentially another form of spiritual evolution. The Great Work is believed to result in communication with one's personal angel or higher self.

[edit] Evolution towards Godhead

[edit] A Common Vision

Although contemporaries, Sri Aurobindo and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin did not meet, or even seem to have been aware of each other's work. Nevertheless there are amazing similarities between the two in their respective evolutionary philosophies. (see e.g. Bruteau 1974, Sethna 1973). Both describe a progression from inanimate matter through life and mind to a future state of Divine consciousness, not as an otherworldly realisation but a consummation and Divinisation of the collective consciousness on Earth. Teilhard de Chardin refers to this as the Omega Point, and Sri Aurobindo as the Supermind (Teilhard de Chardin 1955, Sri Aurobindo 1977). Neither Teilhard nor Sri Aurobindo have a problem with Darwinism the way that the Theosophists, or even someone like Ken Wilber (Wilber 2000 p.20), do. For them this material process is merely part of a larger picture.

[edit] Teilhard de Chardin

Teilhard, who was a Jesuit Paleontologist who played an important role in the discovery of Peking Man, presented a teleological view of planetary and cosmic evolution, according to which the formation of atoms, molecules and inanimate matter is followed by the development of the biosphere and organic evolution, then the appearance of man and the noosphere as the total envelope of human thought. According to Teilhard evolution does not cease here but continues on to its culmination and unification in the Omega Point, which he identifies with Christ.

[edit] Sri Aurobindo

Sri Aurobindo - who incorporates western as well as Indian thought - refers to individual as well as collective spiritual evolution. As described in his great opus The Life Divine, and more poetically in Savitri, an aspect of the original Divine consciounsess or Superconscient descends into the inertia and total non-consciousness of Matter (the Inconscient) to become the physical universe. From there, Life (which, like all the higher levels, remains veiled or hidden, but still present) emerges, and then Mind. Man as a mental being passes both collectively (e.g. social evolution) and individually (through spiritual effort) through the levels of "tamasic", rajasic" and "sattvic" (these are the gunas of Samkhyan philosophy). Future evolution requires dedicated spiritual effort, by which the faculties of Body, Life and Mind are transformed through the action of the Divine Soul ("Psychicisation") and the transcendent Spirit ("Spiritualisation"), leading to the realisation of progressive levels of Spiritual Mind and culminating in the individual and collective realisation of the Supermind. This last, is a unitary Divine consciousness that constitutes an utterly new state of perfected existence, which will bring about the transformation of matter itself.

But perhaps it was Swami Vivekananda who did more than any other Hindu thinker to synthesize Darwinian evolutionary ideas with Hinduism...

[edit] Surat Shabda Yoga

Surat Shabda Yoga esoteric cosmology depicts the whole of creation (the macrocosm) as being emanated and arranged in a spiritually differentiated hierarchy, often referred to as eggs, regions, or planes. Typically, eight spiritual levels are described above the physical plane, although names and subdivisions within these levels will vary to some extent by mission and Master. (One version of the creation from a Surat Shabda Yoga perspective is depicted at the Sant Ajaib Singh Ji Memorial Site in “The Grand Scheme of All Creation”.)

The constitution of the individual (the microcosm) is an exact replica of the macrocosm. Consequently, the microcosm consists of a number of bodies, each one suited to interact with its corresponding plane or region in the macrocosm. These bodies developed over the yugas through involution (emanating from higher planes to lower planes) and evolution (returning from lower planes to higher planes), including by karma and reincarnation in various states of consciousness (Holtje 1995).

[edit] Dynamic Evolution through successive Kingdoms

Arthur M. Young and Edward Haskell have each independently incorporated the findings of science into a larger theory of spiritual evolution, and extended the traditional human, animal, vegetable, and mineral categories with kingdoms representing photons, atoms and molecules. (Haskell 1972, Young 1976). Arthur M. Young goes further in considering the human state as a subset of a larger kingdom of "Dominion", of which the sixth stage is represented for example by Christ and Buddha, and the seventh (final) stage an even higher level of Enlightenment or God-realisation. (Young 1976, see diagram pp.86-7). Moreover, both Haskell and Young present profound accounts of evolution through these kingdoms in terms of cybernetic principles. A more "mainstream" scientific presentation of this same idea is provided by Erich Jantsch in his consummate account of how self-organising systems evolve and develop as a series of "symmetry breaks" through the sequence of matter, life, and mind (Jantsch 1980). Although abiding strictly by the understanding of science, Jantsch arranges the various elements of cosmic, planetary, biological, psychological, and human evolution in a single overall framework of emergent evolution that may or may not be considered teleological (see Jantsch 1980 p.224).

[edit] Energy Driven Evolution

The book Tuning the Diamonds: Electromagnetism and Spiritual Evolution written by Susan Joy Rennison claims that evolution on Earth is driven by cosmic energy originating from deep space.

[edit] New Age ideas

New Age thought is strongly syncretic and based on a superficial but creative interpretation of previous spiritual and esoteric traditions, especially Eastern thought, Theosophy, and popular (mis)interpretations of science. A common theme is the evolution or the transcendence of the human or collective planetary consciousness in a higher state or higher "vibratory" (a metaphor taken from G. I. Gurdjieff) level.

Among the better thinkings of the "New Age", David Spangler's communications speak of a "New Heaven and a new Earth", while Christopher Hills refers (perhaps influenced by Sri Aurobindo) to the divinization of man (Hills 1977, p.30).

Jonathan Livingston Seagull narrated the idea of evolution in a fascinating fashion. James Redfield in his novel The Celestine Prophecy suggested that through experiencing a series of personal spiritual insights, humanity is becoming aware of the connection between our evolution and the Divine. More recently in his book God and the Evolving Universe: The Next Step in Personal Evolution (2002) co-written with Michael Murphy, he claims that humanity is on the verge of undergoing a change in consciousness.

[edit] Integral theory and Spiral Dynamics

An interpretation of social and psychological development that could also be considered a theory of spiritual evolution is Spiral Dynamics, based on the work of Clare W. Graves.

More recently the concept of spiritual evolution has been given a sort of respectability it has not had since the early 19th century through the work of Ken Wilber, in whose writings both the cosmological and the personal dimensions are described. In this "Integral Philosophy", reality is said to consist of several realms or stages, including more than one of the following: the physical, the vital, the psychic, (after the Greek psyche, "soul"), the causal (referring to "that which causes, or gives rise to, the manifest world"), and the ultimate (or non-dual), through which the individual progressively evolves. Although this schema is derived in large part from Tibetan Buddhism, Wilber argues (and uses many tables of diagrams to show) that these same levels of being are common to all wisdom teachings. Described simplistically, Wilber sees humans developing through several stages, including magic, mythic, pluralistic, and holistic mentalities. But he also sees cultures as developing through these stages. And, much like Hegel, he sees this development of individuals and cultures as the evolution of existence itself. Wilber has also teamed up with Don Beck to integrate Spiral Dynamics into his own Integral philosophy, and vice versa.

[edit] See also

• Esoteric cosmology
• Plane (cosmology)
• Epigenesis (creative intelligences)
• Hindu idealism
• Involution (philosophy)
• Metaphysical cosmology
• Religious cosmology
• Evolution (philosophy)
• The Celestine Prophecy

[edit] References

• Sri Aurobindo (1977) The Life Divine, (Sri Aurobindo Ashram Trust), ISBN 0-941524-62-0 (hardcover), ISBN 0-941524-61-2 (paperback)
• Beatrice Bruteau (1974), Evolution towards Divinity (Theosophical Publishing House, Wheaton, Ill)
• Edward Haskell (1972) Full Circle; the Moral Force of Unified Science, ed. by Edward Haskell (Gordon and Breach, New York, London & Paris)
• Christopher Hills (1977) Nuclear Evolution - Discovery of the Rainbow Body (university of Trees Press, Boulder Creek, CA) 2nd ed.
• Dennis Holtje (1995) From Light to Sound: The Spiritual Progression. Temecula, CA: MasterPath, Inc. ISBN 1-885949-00-6
• Erich Jantsch (1980), The Self Organizing Universe - Scientific and Human Implication of the Emerging Paradigm of Evolution (New York: Pergamon), ISBN 0-08-024312-6
• Gerard J. Larson, (1979) Classical Samkhya (Motilal Banarsidass, Delhi, 2nd. Ed.
• Arthur O. Lovejoy (1936), The Great Chain of Being: A Study of the History of an Idea, (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1936, 1961, 1970). ISBN 0-674-36153-9
• Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1955), The Phenomenon of Man, (New York:Harper & Row), ISBN 0-06-090495-X
• K. D. Sethna (1973), Teilhard de Chardin and Sri Aurobindo - a Focus of Fundamentals, pp.34-5, (Bharatiya Vidya Prakasan, Varanasi)
• P.R. Sarkar (1984), Human Society . Vols. I and II. (Ananda Marga Publications, Calcutta, India).
• E. F. Schumacher (1977), A Guide for the Perplexed, (New York:Harper & Row) ISBN 0-06-090611-1
• Huston Smith (1976), Forgotten Truth: The Common Vision of the World's Religions, (New York: Harper & Row), ISBN 0-06-250787-7
• Ken Wilber (1996) A Brief History of Everything, (Boston & London: Shambhala Publications, 2nd edition, 2000), ISBN 1-57062-740-1
• Arthur M. Young (1976), The Reflexive Universe - Evolution of Consciousness (Delacorte Press), ISBN 0-440-05924-0; Anodos Foundation 1999 revised edition, ISBN 1-892160-11-0 (paperback), ISBN 1-892160-10-2 (hardcover)