Spartan pederasty

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Zephyrus and Hyacinthus
Hyacinthus, beloved of Apollo was a patron hero of pederasty in Sparta. Attic red-figure cup from Tarquinia, c. 490-480 BCE.

Spartan pederasty, a custom held in common with other Dorian tribes, is thought to have either been introduced at the time of the Dorian invasion, around 1200 B.C., or to have been instituted in the seventh century B.C. in emulation of that in Crete, which had evolved in response to population pressure. Sparta is thought to be the first city to practice athletic nudity, which evolved in parallel with formal pederastic practices.^[1]

The practice was an integral part of the agoge, the educational backbone of the Spartan polis. The title given the lover was eispnelos (εἴσπνηλος) "inspirer," who infuses the favorite with courage or arete, while the beloved was known as the aïtas (ἀίτας) "hearer." ^[2][3]

[edit] History

The Spartans were the first to eroticize male athletics by introducing nudity, as well as oiling the body during exercise to enhance its beauty, a costly practice which broke with the customary Laconian frugality.^[4]

[edit] Structure

The Spartans believed that the love of an older, accomplished aristocrat for an adolescent boy was essential to his formation as a free citizen. The education of the ruling class was thus founded on pederastic relationships, required of each citizen.^[5] The ephors fined any eligible man who did not love a boy, because, despite his own excellence, he failed to make a beloved “similar to himself.”^[6] Likewise, for a boy it was a disgrace to not find a lover,^[7]. By the time they reached the age of twelve "there was not any of the more hopeful boys who did not have a lover to bear him company."^[8]

In Sparta, like in most other Greek city-states, the man first had to win the affection of the boy he sought, and it was the boy’s right to choose his lover. But in Sparta, his freedom was not complete. If two men, both reputable but one rich and the other poor, courted him, and he settled on the wealthier of the two, he was fined by the ephors for his greed.^[9] As for the men, if two different men both loved one boy, instead of becoming rivals they forged a friendship between themselves, and "worked together to make the boy the best he could be."^[10] Another characteristic that set Spartan boys apart from other Greek youths - typically overbearing and arrogant in such circumstances - was their modesty towards their lovers. The boys themselves were the ones to request to be mentored.^[11]

Though Plato in his Laws implies otherwise, blaming the Spartans for their custom of males taking sexual pleasure with other males παρὰ φύσιν "beyond nature"^[12], many ancient writers held that Spartan pederasty was chaste, though still erotic. Lycurgus decreed that if someone, being himself an honest man, admired a boy's soul and tried to make of him an ideal friend without reproach and to associate with him, he approved, and believed in the excellence of this kind of training. But if it was clear that the attraction lay in the boy's outward beauty, he banned the connection as an abomination; and thus he mandated that "boy lovers should keep their hands off boys just as parents do not lay hands on their own children." This system, implies Xenophon, produces the most modest, trustworthy and self-controlled men in all of Greece. ^[13]

Plutarch also describes the relationships as chaste, and states that it was as unthinkable for a lover to sexually consummate a relationship with his beloved as for a father to do so with his own son. In the same vein, Cicero asserted that, "The Lacedaemonians, while they permit all things except outrage (stuprum, = Greek hubris, referring here to anal intercourse)^[14] in the love of youths, certainly distinguish the forbidden by a thin wall of partition from the sanctioned, for they allow embraces and a common couch to lovers.' ^[15] Aelian goes even farther, stating that if any couple succumbed to temptation and indulged in carnal relations, they would have to redeem the affront to the honor of Sparta by either going into exile or taking their own lives.^[16]

The construction of Spartan pederasty as exclusively chaste conflicts with epigraphic writings found on the island of Thera in 1898, an island colonized by the Spartans. These are graffiti, preserved on the rocks of a cliff in the vicinity of what became a gymnasium. They record sexual conquests, always of one male over another^[17]. E.g.: IG 12(3).538b Ἀμο[τ]ίωνα ὦιπ<h>ε Κρίμων [τ]ε(ῖ)δ[ε] "Krimon fucked Amotion here" (the verb οἴφω is exclusively physical). Thera, however, was also influenced by Crete, a culture which did not privilege non-sexual relationships.^[18] The alleged sexual indulgence of Spartan pederasty was a running gag in the repertoire of Athenian comedians, and the verb λακωνίζω / lakōnízō ("to do it the Lacedaemonian way"; literally, "to laconize") took on the meaning of "to sodomize." It is not clear to what extent this is a reflection of the enmity between Athens and Sparta.

[edit] Military aspects

Pederasty and military training were intimately connected in Sparta, as in many other cities. The Spartans, claims Athenaeus ^[19] sacrificed to Eros before every battle: "Thus the Lacedaemonians offer preliminary sacrifices to Eros before the troops are drawn up in battle-line, because they think that their safe return and victory depend upon the friendship of the men drawn up." However, unlike other cities which stationed lovers side by side in battle to encourage each to fiercer efforts, Spartan youths were so well trained that they fought nobly regardless of where they were positioned.^[20]

The lover was responsible for the boy's training. An anecdote relates the story of a Spartan magistrate who was fined by the city because his beloved had cried out while he was fighting, which was considered to be a sign that the young man was overly effeminate and had therefore not been properly educated by his distinguished lover.^[21] And while the ephors were lenient with a youth who committed a misdeamenor, they made sure to punish his lover, since it was his responsibility to watch and control his beloved.^[22]

[edit] Females

Similar to the case of the young men, it was expected that women engaged in romantic relationships with girls as well. As it is the case with the life of women in general, our sources are much rarer in the case of the institutionalised lesbian love. Plutarch writes, "And though this sort of love [i.e. pederasty] was so approved among them, that the most virtuous matrons would make professions of it to young girls, yet rivalry did not exist..."^[23] The most explicit expression of the "female pederasty" is found in the choral lyric of Alcman, composed in the 7th cent. BC. Here, girls' choruses express a very intense affection for their chorus leader:

"For there will not be enough purple to defend oneself, nor a colourful snake of solid gold nor a Lydian diadem, the pride of the violet-eyed young girls, nor the hair of Nanno, nor godlike Areta nor Sylacis and Cleesisera; and you will not go home to Aenesimbrota and say: May Astaphis be mine, may Philylla look at me, or Damareta or lovely Ianthemis. No, it is Hagesichora that torments me."^[24].

There is probably an age difference between Hagesichora ("chorus-leader") and the other girls. We cannot know if there was also a physical side to this love. At any rate, the relationship is similar to the ones expressed in the lyrics of the contemporaneous poetress Sappho from Lesbos. Furthermore, it must be kept in mind that exactly because the girls have not composed the song themselves, the love expressed in the text was expected and encouraged by the community as part of their initiation-rites.

[edit] Festivals and religion

The Hyacinthia, the second most important Spartan festival, was celebrated in summer at Amyclae. It honored Hyacinthus, the mythical young prince of Sparta and beloved of Apollo. The festivities continued for three days, with the first mourning the death of Hyacinthus and the last two celebrating his rebirth and the majesty of Apollo. It has been suggested that the cycle symbolizes the development of a youth in such relationships, in which he dies as a child in order to be reborn as an adult.

The Gymnopaedia were yearly Spartan dances by naked boys, with attendance restricted to married men.

Elacatas was another pederastic Spartant hero, held to have been one of the eromenoi of Heracles. He was honored with a sanctuary and yearly games. The myth of their love is an ancient one.^[25]

[edit] Historical couples

• Agesilaus II heard Lysander, whom he later repudiated, after attaining to kingship;
• Archidamus, Agesilaus II's son, inspired Cleonymus;
• Agesilaus II took the Persian Megabates as hearer;
• Cleomenes III was the hearer of Xenares and the inspirer of Panteus.^[26]

[edit] Notes

[edit] See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Pederasty

• History of Sparta
• Pederasty in ancient Greece
• Historical pederastic couples
• Homosexuality in ancient Greece
• Mythology of same-sex love
• Philosophy of Greek pederasty

[edit] External links