Soyuz 1
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| Mission name: | Soyuz 1 |
| Spacecraft name: | Soyuz 7K-OK #4, active docking system |
| Call sign: | Рубин (Rubin - "Ruby") |
| Number of crew members: | 1 |
| Launch: | April 23, 1967 00:35:00 UTC Baikonur LC1 |
| Landing: | April 24, 1967 03:22:52 UTC 51.13° N, 57.24° E |
| Duration: | 1 day, 2 h, 47 min, 52 s |
| Number of Orbits: | 18 |
| Apogee: | 223 km (145 mi) |
| Perigee: | 197 km (122 mi) |
| Period: | 88.7 minutes |
| Orbit inclination: | 50.8° |
| Mass: | 6450 kg (14,220 lb) |
Soyuz 1 (Russian Союз 1, Union 1) was part of the Soviet Union's space program and was launched into orbit on April 23, 1967, carrying a single cosmonaut, Colonel Vladimir Mikhailovich Komarov, who was killed when the spacecraft crashed during its return to Earth. This was the first in-flight fatality in the history of spaceflight. Launched at 3:35am local time, this was also the first night launch of a manned space vehicle.
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[edit] Mission highlights
Mission planners originally intended to launch a second Soyuz spacecraft into orbit on the next day carrying three cosmonauts - Valery Fyodorovich Bykovsky, Yevgeny Vassilyevich Khrunov, and Aleksei Stanislavovich Yeliseyev - and two of those were scheduled to do an EVA over to Soyuz 1.
Problems began shortly after launch when one solar panel on Soyuz 1 failed to unfold, leading to a shortage of power for the spacecraft's systems. Further problems with the orientation detectors complicated maneuvering the craft. By orbit 13, the automatic stabilization system was completely dead, and the manual system was only partially effective. By this time, the crew of the second Soyuz had modified their mission goals, preparing themselves for a launch that would include fixing the solar panel of Soyuz 1. Heavy rain at Baikonur is reported to have made the launch impossible. It is believed that, in reality, Soyuz 2 never launched because of the severity of problems with Soyuz 1 in orbit.
As a result of Komarov's orbit 13 report, the flight control director began making preparations for the abort and re-entry attempt. Valentina, Komarov's wife and mother of their two children, was brought in and seated at a private console for a few moments. Vladimir Komarov, who was ill from the violent motions of his ship, remained calm and was able to say good-bye.
After 18 orbits, Soyuz 1 fired retro-rockets and was deorbited as soon as it passed above the USSR again, although the pilot had little control. Despite all of the technical difficulties up to that point, Komarov might still have landed safely, but the main parachute did not unfold due to problems with a pressure sensor, and the manually deployed reserve chute tangled, making the spacecraft fall to Earth nearly unbraked, at about 400 miles per hour. Large retro-rockets should have fired to further slow the descent. Instead, at impact, there was an explosion and an intense fire surrounded the capsule. Local farmers rushed to try to put it out, but Komarov would have already been dead from the impact.
According to some reports, Komarov cursed the engineers and flight staff as he descended.[1] An inspection of the second Soyuz spacecraft, Soyuz 2, showed the same problem with the parachute, which might have doomed all four cosmonauts if the launch had proceeded. The original mission of Soyuz 1 and 2 was later carried out by Soyuz 4 and Soyuz 5.
Komarov was given a state funeral, and is buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis at Red Square, Moscow. Some reports suggest that flight controllers told him before his re-entry attempt that he would receive that honour.
[edit] Legacy of technical difficulties
Unlike other manned spacecraft of the time, the Soyuz craft had never been successfully flown on an unmanned testflight - all the previous flights had encountered some problem. Yuri Gagarin was the backup pilot for Soyuz 1, and was aware of the design problems and the pressures from the Politburo to proceed with the flight. He attempted to "bump" Komarov from the mission, knowing that the Soviet leadership would not risk a national hero on the flight.
A few weeks before launch, Komarov had said, "If I don't make this flight, they'll send the backup pilot instead. That's [Yuri], and he'll die instead of me."
Prior to launch, Soyuz 1 engineers are said to have reported 200 design faults to party leaders, but their concerns "were overruled by political pressures for a series of space feats to mark the anniversary of Lenin's birthday." [1]. It is not clear how much of this pressure resulted from the need to continue beating the United States in the Space Race and have Soviets first on the Moon, or to take advantages of the recent setbacks in the U.S. space program with the Apollo 1 disaster. The Soyuz 1 tragedy delayed the launch of Soyuz 2 and Soyuz 3 until October 25, 1968. This eighteen-month gap, plus the explosion of an unmanned N-1 booster on July 3, 1969 scuttled Soviet plans of landing a cosmonaut on the Moon.
A much improved Soyuz program emerged from this eighteen month delay, mirroring, in many ways, the improvements made in Project Apollo after the Apollo 1 tragedy. Although it failed to reach the Moon, Soyuz would go on to be repurposed from the centerpiece of a lunar program to the centerpiece of a space station program.
[edit] Crew
- Vladimir Komarov (second spaceflight)
[edit] Notes
[edit] External links
| Preceded by Voskhod 2 |
Soyuz programme | Succeeded by Soyuz 2 |
| Soyuz program | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | 10 |
| 11 | 12 | 13 | 14 | 15 | 16 | 17 | 18 | 18a | 19 |
| 20 | 21 | 22 | 23 | 24 | 25 | 26 | 27 | 28 | 29 |
| 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 | 36 | T-2 | 37 | 38 |
| T-3 | T-4 | 39 | 40 | T-5 | T-6 | T-7 | T-8 | T-9 | T-10-1 |
| T-10 | T-11 | T-12 | T-13 | T-14 | T-15 | TM-2 | TM-3 | TM-4 | TM-5 |
| TM-6 | TM-7 | TM-8 | TM-9 | TM-10 | TM-11 | TM-12 | TM-13 | TM-14 | TM-15 |
| TM-16 | TM-17 | TM-18 | TM-19 | TM-20 | TM-21 | TM-22 | TM-23 | TM-24 | TM-25 |
| TM-26 | TM-27 | TM-28 | TM-29 | TM-30 | TM-31 | TM-32 | TM-33 | TM-34 | TMA-1 |
| TMA-2 | TMA-3 | TMA-4 | TMA-5 | TMA-6 | TMA-7 | TMA-8 | TMA-9 | TMA-10 | TMA-11 |
| TMA-12 | TMA-13 | ||||||||
| Bold:=ongoing | italic=planned | |||||||||
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| Soyuz missions | Soyuz 1, Soyuz 2, Soyuz 3, Soyuz 4, Soyuz 5, Soyuz 6, Soyuz 7, Soyuz 8 |  |
| Zond (Soyuz 7K-L1) Lunar missions | Zond 5, Zond 6, Zond 1969A, Zond L1S-1, Zond L1S-2, Zond 7, Zond 8 | |
| LK Lander test missions | Cosmos 379, Cosmos 398 and Cosmos 434 | |
| Hardware | N1 rocket, L3, LOK Command Ship, LK Lander, Zond, Soyuz | |
