South Caucasian languages
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The South Caucasian languages (also known as Ibero-Caucasian or Kartvelian) are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey, Iran, and Russia.
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[edit] Classification
- Georgian languages
- Georgian (kartuli in Georgian), with 4.1 million native speakers. Of these, there are 3.9 million in Georgia, and about 50,000 each in Turkey and Iran.
- Gruzinic (also called Judæo-Georgian; kivruli in Georgian and Gruzinic, gruzinit in Russian), with about 80,000 speakers, of whom 60,000 are in Israel, and 20,000 in Georgia. May be considered a dialect of Georgian.
- Zan languages
- Megrelian or Mingrelian (margaluri in Megrelian, megruli in Georgian), with some 500 000 native speakers as of 1989, mainly in the Samegrelo (Mingrelia) region of Western Georgia and (at the time) in the Gali district of eastern Abkhazia. Many Mingrelian refugees from Abkhazia now live in Tbilisi and elsewhere in Georgia.
- Laz (lazuri in Laz and Georgian, also chanuri in Georgian), with 33,000 native speakers as of 1980, mostly in the Black Sea littoral area of Northeast Turkey, and with some 2,000 in Adjara, Georgia.
- Svan language (lushnu in Svan, svanuri in Georgian), with approximately 15,000 native speakers in the north-western mountainous region of Svaneti, Georgia.
With the exception of Georgian and Gruzinic, these languages are not mutually intelligible. However, they are clearly related, and Laz and Megrelian are frequently considered a single language, called "Zan". The connection between all these languages was first reported in linguistic literature by J. Güldenstädt in the 18th century, and later proven by G. Rosen, M. Brosset, F. Bopp and others during the 1840's. They are believed to have split off from a single proto-Kartvelian language, possibly spoken in the region of present-day Georgia and Northern Turkey in the 3rd-2nd millenniums BC.
Based on the degree of change, some linguists (including A. Chikobava, G. Klimov, T. Gamkrelidze, and G. Machavariani) conjecture that the earliest split, which separated Svan from the other languages, occurred in the second millennium BC or earlier; while Megrelian and Laz were separated from Georgian roughly a thousand years later, and split from each other roughly 500 years ago.
Gruzinic is sometimes regarded as a variant of Georgian, modified by the inclusion of large numbers of Hebrew and Aramaic loanwords. Its divergence from Georgian is comparatively recent.
[edit] Higher-level connections
No relationship with other languages, not even with the North Caucasian families, has been demonstrated so far. Some linguists have proposed that the Kartvelian family is part of a much larger Nostratic language family, but both the concept of a Nostratic family and Georgian's relation thereto are in doubt.
Certain grammatical similarities with Basque, especially in the case system, have often been pointed out. However, most linguists dismiss those resemblances as very limited and superficial, more likely to be random coincidences than inherited traits from a common ancestral language.
Any similarities to other linguistic phyla may well be due to areal influences. Heavy borrowing in either direction (i.e. North Caucasian to South Caucasian and vice versa) has been observed, thus it is quite probable that certain grammatical features have been influenced as well. If the Dene-Caucasian hypothesis, which attempts to link Basque, Burushaski, North Caucasian and other phyla, is right, then the above mentioned similarities to Basque may also be due these influences, however indirect.
It is well known today that the Proto-Kartvelian vocabulary was also influenced by Indo-European languages to some extent, whence probably the earlier attempts to link these families to form a higher genealogical unit.
[edit] Social and cultural status
Georgian is the official language of the republic of Georgia (spoken by 90% of the population of this country), and the main language for literary and business use for all Kartvelian speakers in Georgia. It is written with an original and distinctive alphabet, and the oldest surviving literary text dates from the 5th century AD.
Mingrelian has been written (with the Georgian alphabet) since 1864, especially in the period from 1930 to 1938, when the Megrelians enjoyed some cultural autonomy, and after 1989.
The Laz language was written chiefly between 1927 and 1937, and now again in Turkey, with Latin alphabets. Laz however is disappearing as its speakers are integrating into mainstream Turkish society.
Gruzinic was the language of the ancient community of the Georgian Jews. It is often written using the Hebrew alphabet.
