Soul dualism

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Soul dualism or a dualistic soul concept is a range of beliefs that a person has two (or more) kinds of souls. In many cases, the one of the souls is associated with body functons “body soul”, and the other one can leave the body “free soul” (online ^[1] ^[2]; paper ^[3] ^[4] ^[5]). Sometimes the plethora of soul types can be even more complex (^[6]; online ^[7]). Grasping soul dualism can help to understand many shamanistic beliefs better.

1 Examples
- 1.1 Eskimo
- 1.2 Uralic peoples
2 Notes
3 See also
4 External links

[edit] Examples

[edit] Eskimo

Several Eskimo groups believe that a person has more types of souls. One is associated with respiration, the other can accompany the body as a shadow. See more details in pp. 61, 222–223, 226, 240 of ^[6], 17–18 of ^[8], 211 of ^[9].

[edit] Uralic peoples

The concept of more kinds of souls can be found also at Uralic peoples. See notion of shadow-soul, e.g. “íz” in Hungarian folk beliefs. The Estonian soul concept has been aproached by several authors, some of them using rather complex frameworks (online ^[7]).

[edit] Notes

^ Hoppál, Mihály: Nature worship in Siberian shamanism
^ Great Basin Indian. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved March 28, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica: Online
^ p. 225 of Hoppál, Mihály: Az uráli népek hiedelemvilága és a samanizmus. (It means: “The belief system of Uralic peoples and the shamanism”.) In: Hajdú Péter (ed.): Uráli népek / Nyelvrokonaink kultúrája és hagyományai. (Meaning: “Uralic peoples / Culture and traditions of our linguistic relatives”.) Corvina Kiadó, Budapest, 1975.
^ p. 13 of Hoppál, Mihály: Sámánok / Lelkek és jelképek. Helikon Kiadó, Budapest, 1994. Title mans: “Shamans / Souls and symbols”.
^ p. 27 of Diószegi, Vilmos: Samanizmus. Gondolat (series: Élet és Tudomány Kiskönyvtár), Budapest, 1962.
^ ^a ^b Merkur, Daniel: Becoming Half Hidden / Shamanism and Initiation among the Inuit. (Series: Acta Universitatis Stockholmiensis / Stockholm Studies in Comparative Religion). Almqvist & Wiksell, Stockholm, 1985.
^ ^a ^b Conceptions of soul in old-Estonian religion (Vol. 4) written by Tarmo Kulmar
^ Kleivan, I. and Sonne, B.: Eskimos / Greenland and Canada. (Series: Iconography of religions, section VIII /Artic Peoples/, fascicle 2). Institute of Religious Iconography • State University Groningen. E.J. Brill, Leiden (The Netherland), 1985. ISBN: 90 04 07160 1.
^ Gabus, Jean: A karibu eszkimók. Gondolat Kiadó, Budapest, 1970. (Hungarian translation of the original: Vie et coutumes des Esquimaux Caribous, Libraire Payot Lausanne, 1944.) It desribes the life of Caribou Eskimo and Padlermiut groups.