Software agent

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In computer science, a software agent is a piece of software that acts for a user or other program in a relationship of agency[1]. Such "action on behalf of" implies the authority to decide when (and if) action is appropriate. The idea is that agents are not strictly invoked for a task, but activate themselves.

Related and derived concepts include intelligent agents (in particular exhibiting some aspect of Artificial Intelligence, such as learning and reasoning), autonomous agents (capable of modifying the way in which they achieve their objectives), distributed agents (being executed on physically distinct machines), multi-agent systems (distributed agents that do not have the capabilities to achieve an objective alone and thus must communicate), and mobile agents (agents that can relocate their execution onto different processors).

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[edit] Definition

The term "agent" describes a software abstraction, an idea, or a concept, similar to OOP terms such as methods, functions, and objects. The concept of an agent provides a convenient and powerful way to describe a complex software entity that is capable of acting with a certain degree of autonomy in order to accomplish tasks on behalf of its user. But unlike objects, which are defined in terms of methods and attributes, an agent is defined in terms of its behavior.

Nwana's Category of Software Agent
Nwana's Category of Software Agent

Various authors have proposed different definitions of agents, these commonly include concepts such as

  • persistence (code is not executed on demand but runs continuously and decides for itself when it should perform some activity)
  • autonomy (agents have capabilities of task selection, prioritization, goal-directed behaviour, decision-making without human intervention)
  • social ability (agents are able to engage other components through some sort of communication and coordination, they may collaborate on a task)
  • reactivity (agents perceive the context in which they operate and react to it appropriately).

The Agent concept is most useful as a tool to analyze systems, not as a prescription. The concepts mentioned above often relate well to the way we naturally think about complex tasks and thus agents can be useful to model such tasks

[edit] Intelligent agents

The design of intelligent agents (or intelligent software agents) is a branch of artificial intelligence research.

Capabilities of intelligent agents include::

  • ability to adapt
Adaptation implies sensing the environment and reconfiguring in response. This can be achieved through the choice of alternative problem-solving-rules or algorithms, or through the discovery of problem solving strategies. Adaptation may also include other aspects of an agent's internal construction, such as recruiting processor or storage resources.
  • ability to learn
Learning may proceed through trial-and-error, then it implies a capability of introspection and analysis of behaviour and success. Alternatively, learning may proceed by example and generalization, then it implies a capacity to abstract and generalize.

[edit] Autonomous agents

Autonomous agents are software agents that claim to be autonomous, being self-contained and capable of making independent decisions, and taking actions to satisfy internal goals based upon their perceived environment. All software agents in important applications are closely supervised by people who start them up, monitor and continually modify their behavior, and shut them down when necessary. The Popek and Goldberg virtualization requirements is a hardware solution to the supervision problem, which in principle prevents the execution of critical instructions without entering a suitable mode (such as System or Super-user mode).

[edit] Distributed agents

Since agents are well suited to include their required resources in their description, they can be designed to be very loosely coupled and it becomes easy to have them executed as independent threads and on distributed processors. Thus they become distributed agents and the considerations of distributed computing apply. Agent code is particularly easy to implement in a distributed fashion and should scale well.

[edit] Multi-agent systems

When several agents (inter)act they may form a multi-agent system a.k.a. multiple agent system. Characteristically such agents will not have all data or all methods available to achieve an objective (this can be referred to as "limited viewpoint") and thus will have to collaborate with other agents. Also, there may be little or no global control and thus such systems are sometimes referred to as swarm systems. As with distributed agents, data is decentralized and execution is asynchronous. Earlier, related fields include Distributed Artificial Intelligence (DAI) and distributed problem solving (DPS).

[edit] Mobile agents

Agent code that moves itself, including its execution state, on to another processor, to continue execution there. This is also referred to as mobile code.

[edit] Fuzzy agents

An agent employing fuzzy logic.

[edit] What is not an agent ...

It is not useful to prescribe what is, and what is not an agent. However contrasting the term with related concepts may help clarify its meaning:

[edit] Distinguishing agents from programs

Fanklin & Graesser (1997) discuss four key notions that distinguish agents from arbitrary programs: reaction to the environment, autonomy, goal-orientation and persistence.

[edit] Distinguishing agents from objects

  • Agents are more autonomous than objects,
  • Agents have flexible behaviour: reactive, proactive, social.
  • Agents have at least one thread of control but may have more.
(Wooldridge, 2002)

[edit] Distinguishing agents from expert systems

  • Expert systems are not coupled to their environment;
  • Expert systems are not designed for reactive, proactive behaviour.
  • Expert systems do not consider social ability
(Wooldridge, 2002)

[edit] History

The concept of an agent can be traced back to Hewitt's Actor Model (Hewitt, 1977) - A Self-contained, interactive and concurrently-executing object, possessing internal state and communication capability.

To be more academic, software agent systems are a direct evolution from Multi-Agent Systems (MAS). MAS evolved from (DAI), Distributed Problem Solving (DPS) and Parallel AI (PAI), thus inheriting all characteristics (good and bad) from DAI and AI.

John Sculley’s 1987 “Knowledge Navigator” video portrayed an image of relationship between end-users and agents. Being an ideal first, this field experienced a series of unsuccessful top-down implementation, instead of piece-to-piece, bottom-up approach. Range of agent types is now broad (from 1990) WWW, Search engines,…etc.

[edit] Examples

[edit] Buyer agents (shopping bots)

These bots help Internet surfers find products and services they are searching for. For example, when a person surfs for an item on eBay, at the bottom of the page there is a list of similar products that other customers who did the same search looked at. This is because it is assumed the user tastes are relatively similar and they will be interested in the same products. This technology is known as collaborative filtering.

[edit] User agents (personal agents)

These agents are meant to carry out tasks automatically for the user. For example, some bots sort emails according to the user's order of preference, assemble customized news reports (e.g. newshub), or fill out webpage forms with the user's stored information (e.g. Form Filler bot), .

[edit] Monitoring-and-surveillance (predictive) agents

Monitoring and Surveillance Agents are used to observe and report on equipment, usually computer systems. For example, the agents keep track of company inventory levels, observe competitors' prices and relay them back to the company, watch stock manipulation by insider trading and rumors, etc.

[edit] Data mining agents

This agent uses information technology to find trends and patterns in an abundance of information from many different sources. The user can sort through this information in order to find whatever information they are seeking. An example of this class of bot would be a data mining agent that detects market conditions and changes and relays them back to a user/company so that the user/company can make decisions accordingly. For example, the agent may detect a decline in the construction industry for an economy; based on this relayed information construction companies will be able to make intelligent decisions regarding the hiring/firing of employees or the purchase/lease of equipment in order to best suit their firm.

[edit] Other examples

Some other examples of current Intelligent agents include some spam filters, game bots, and server monitoring tools. Search engine indexing bots also qualify as intelligent agents. More examples can be found at BotSpot.

  • User agent - for browsing the World Wide Web
  • Mail transfer agent - For serving E-mail, such as Microsoft Outlook. Why? It communicates with the POP3 mail server, without users having to understand POP3 command protocols. It even has rule sets that filter mail for the user, thus sparing them the trouble of having to do it themselves.

[edit] Design issues

Interesting issues to consider in the development of agent-based systems include

  • how tasks are scheduled and how synchronization of tasks is achieved
  • how tasks are prioritized by agents
  • how agents can collaborate, or recruit resources,
  • how agents can be re-instantiated in different environments, and how their internal state can be stored,
  • how the environment will be probed and how a change of environment leads to behavioral changes of the agents
  • how messaging and communication can be achieved,
  • what hierarchies of agents are useful (e.g. task execution agents, scheduling agents, resource providers ...).

For software agents to work together efficiently they must share semantics of their data elements. This can be done by having computer systems publish their metadata.

The definition of agent processing can be approached from two interrelated directions:

  • internal state processing and ontologies for representing knowledge
  • interaction protocols - standards for specifying communication of tasks

Agent systems are used to model real world systems with concurrency or parallel processing.

  • Agent Machinery - Engines of various kinds, which support the varying degrees of intelligence
  • Agent Content - Data employed by the machinery in Reasoning and Learning
  • Agent Access - Methods to enable the machinery to perceive content and perform actions as outcomes of Reasoning
  • Agent Security - Concerns related to distributed computing, augmented by a few special concerns related to agents

The agent uses its access methods to go out into local and remote databases to forage for content. These access methods may include setting up news stream delivery to the agent, or retrieval from bulletin boards, or using a spider to walk the Web. The content that is retrieved in this way is probably already partially filtered – by the selection of the newsfeed or the databases that are searched. The agent next may use its detailed searching or language-processing machinery to extract keywords or signatures from the body of the content that has been received or retrieved. This abstracted content (or event) is then passed to the agent’s Reasoning or inferencing machinery in order to decide what to do with the new content. This process combines the event content with the rule-based or knowledge content provided by the user. If this process finds a good hit or match in the new content, the agent may use another piece of its machinery to do a more detailed search on the content. Finally, the agent may decide to take an action based on the new content; for example, to notify the user that an important event has occurred. This action is verified by a security function and then given the authority of the user. The agent makes use of a user-access method to deliver that message to the user. If the user confirms that the event is important by acting quickly on the notification, the agent may also employ its learning machinery to increase its weighting for this kind of event.

[edit] External links

[edit] Footnotes

  1. ^ - From the Latin agere (to do): an agreement to act on one's behalf.

[edit] References

  • Franklin, S., and A. C. Graesser (1997) Is it an Agent, or just a Program?: A Taxonomy for Autonomous Agents. In Intelligent Agents III. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
  • Wooldridge, Michael (2002) Introduction To Multi-Agent Systems. John Wiley & Sons

[edit] Further reading

  • Software Agent Research Community Europe
  • Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (2nd Edition) by Stuart J. Russell & Peter Norvig, (2002) Prentice Hall, ISBN 0-13-790395-2
  • Carl Hewitt and Jeff Inman. DAI Betwixt and Between: From "Intelligent Agents" to Open Systems Science IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics. Nov./Dec. 1991.
  • Hyacinth S. Nwana, Divine T. Ndumu: An Introduction to Agent Technology, Software Agents and Soft Computing 1997: 3-26.
  • Chyi-Ren Dow, Chi-Ming Lin, and Chen-Ming Lin, Network Agent Application, Mobile Computing Laboratory, Dept. of IECS, Feng Chia University, Taiwan, R. O. C., 2005.
  • Padgham, L. & Winikoff, M. Developing Intelligent Agent Systems (2004) John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 0-470-86120-7

[edit] See also

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