Sociolismo
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Sociolismo also known as “amiguismo” meaning “friend-ism” or “partner-ism” is the informal term used in Cuba to describe the reciprocal exchange of favors by individuals. It comes from the Spanish word socio which means business partner or buddy. The term is particularly associated with the black market economy, and perceived cronyism in Cuba’s state controlled command economy. Socios can be black market operators who "facilitate" (steal) goods that are officially reserved for state workers. They can also get someone a job or obtain paperwork.
The system is used by anyone who needs to send an e-mail or print a resume (but doesn't have a computer), or needs paint or cement but has no access to a Kinko's or Home Depot. Gary Marx, the Chicago Tribune's Havana correspondent, reports the system works this way: Cubans send out signals they need something, make telephone calls and visit neighbors and friends to find the right person who can get things in motion. Few people own cars and the buses, or camellos, are slow and overcrowded; many Cubans spend hours each day arranging rides to get to work, school or accomplish a task.[1] People often must reach out and secure what they need por fuera or por la izquierda, slang that means outside the system.
The system has different levels and obligations. Friends, neighbors and relatives do favors for without expecting anything in return. But with lesser-known acquaintances, exchange is more normal for such things as shampoo, a piece of chicken, fruit, or cash.[2]
Sometimes the favors extend to hundreds of people. Employees of a state company in Pinar del Rio were given special treatment at a local hospital in exchange for paper, pens and other scarce materials and services.[3]
The theory of "sociolismo" follows that any person with control over resources could exchange access to those resources for some current or future personal material benefit. Complex networks of reciprocal obligations thus became an important part of the functioning of the Cuban economy. Daily life involved maintaining the personal relationships necessary to ensure access to necessary goods and services, through unofficial channels or through the official channels unofficially. Though the term became prominent during the economic downturn known as the Special Period in Cuba, usage has continued into the mid-2000s.[4]
Aspects of Cuban Sociolismo were exported to the United States via Cuban immigrants, who relied on friends and relatives in their new country for help in finding jobs, since they were not able to verify their skills or employment in Cuba. This was particularly prevalent the largest Cuban-American community in Florida.[5]
[edit] References
- ^ Getting one's way on an isle of want; Could be a friend of a friend, a couple of bucks, maybe a bag of coffee by Gary Marx, Chicago Tribune, November 13, 2004; NEWS; ZONE CN; LETTER FROM HAVANA; Pg. 2
- ^ Id.
- ^ Id.
- ^ http://www.carleton.ca/economics/cep/cep04-12.pdf
- ^ New York Times abstract of Dan Williams article in the Miami Herald, September 1, 1980; Section 4; Page 1, Column 1
