Snake oil

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This article is about medicinal compounds primarily . For snake oil in cryptography, see Snake oil (cryptography).
Clark Stanley's Snake Oil.
Clark Stanley's Snake Oil.

Snake oil is a traditional Chinese medicine used to treat joint pain. However, the most common usage of the words is as a derogatory term for compounds offered as medicines which imply they are fake, fraudulent, or ineffective. The expression is also applied metaphorically to any product with exaggerated marketing but questionable or unverifiable quality. In short, it refers to a product sold as one part of a hoax.

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[edit] History

[edit] United States

Snake oil originally came from china, where it is called shéyóu (蛇油). There, it was used as a remedy for inflammation and pain in rheumatoid arthritis, bursitis, and other similar conditions. Snake oil is still used as pain reliever in China. Fats and oils from snakes are higher in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) than other sources, so snake oil was actually a plausible remedy for joint pain as these are thought to have inflammation reducing properties. Snake oil is still sold in traditional Chinese pharmacy stores.

Chinese labourers on railroad gangs — involved in building the Transcontinental Railroad to link North America coast to coast — gave snake oil to Europeans with joint pain. When rubbed on the skin at the painful site, snake oil brought relief ... or so it was claimed. This claim was ridiculed by rival medicine salesmen, especially those selling patent medicines. In time, snake oil became a generic name for many compounds marketed as panaceas or miraculous remedies, whose ingredients were usually secret, unidentified, or mis-characterized — and mostly inert or ineffective, although the placebo effect might provide some relief for whatever the problem might have been.

Patented snake oil remedies actually originated in England, where a patent was granted to Richard Stoughton's Elixir in 1712. [1] Since EPA was unknown in the 19th century, and various medicine salesmen or manufacturers seldom had enough skills in analytical chemistry to analyze the contents and actually find out what, if anything, made snake oil the "miracle" medicine it was claimed to be, snake oil became the archetype of hoax. American snake fats do not have EPA contents as high as those of the Chinese water snake. The American snake oils were possibly less efficient pain relievers than the original Chinese snake oil — further promoting the "hoax" stereotype.

The snake oil peddler became a stock character in Western movies: a travelling "doctor" with dubious credentials, selling some medicine (such as snake oil) with boisterous marketing hype, often supported by pseudo-scientific evidence, typically bogus. To enhance sales, an accomplice in the crowd (a "shill") would often "attest" the value of the product in an effort to provoke buying enthusiasm. The "doctor" would prudently leave town before his customers realized that they had been cheated. This practice is also called "grifting" and its practitioners "grifters".

W. C. Fields portrayed a Western frontier American snake oil salesman in Poppy (1936), complete with a surreptitious crowd accomplice. His demonstration ( from the back of a buckboard transparently fraudulent —- to the movie audience)of a miraculous cure for hoarseness ignited a comic purchasing frenzy. Jim Dale gave a testament to the persuasive power of the snake oil salesman in the Disney film Pete's Dragon, as the greedy "Doc" Terminus. Dealing with a crowd of people he had conned on a prior visit, Terminus turns them from angry vengeance-seekers to believers once more, paying top dollar for Terminus' products despite their previous ineffectiveness.

English musician and comedy writer Vivian Stanshall satirised a miracle cosmetic as "Rillago—the great ape repellent" and many of J. B. Morton's Beachcomber books and radio programmes included short spoof advertisements for "Snibbo" a fictional treatment allegedly tackling various unlikely human conditions.

In Tom Sawyer, Mark Twain presents aunt Polly as a true believer in various sorts of snake oil, though not always in the form of an alleged medicine. She also adopted cold showers as a cure-all at one point in Tom's childhood.

In a more modern appearance of grifting in pop-culture, the collaboration of Paul McCartney and Michael Jackson in 1983 produced the hit single Say Say Say. The music video accompanying this single depicts McCartney as the salesman selling a dubious strength elixr from the back of a truck and Jackson as his accomplice amongst the audience.

The practice of selling dubious remedies for real (or imagined) ailments still occurs today, albeit with some updated marketing techniques. Claims of 'cures' for chronic diseases (for example, diabetes mellitus), for which there are only symptomatic treatments available from "mainstream" medicine, are especially common. The term snake oil peddling is used as a derogatory term to describe such practices.

An alternate theory for the origins of the term "snake oil" is that it was a corruption of "Seneca oil". The Senecas, a tribe in the Eastern United States, were known to use petroleum from natural seeps as a liniment for skin ailments. However, Native Americans are known to have used rattlesnake fat and the herb snakeroot for various purposes.

[edit] Composition of snake oil

The composition of snake oil medicines varies markedly between products.

Snake oil sold in San Francisco's Chinatown in 1989 was found to contain:

The Chinese water snake (Enhydris chinensis) is the richest known source of EPA, the starting material the body uses to make the series 3 prostaglandins. These prostaglandins are the biochemical messengers which control some aspects of inflammation, rather like aspirin which also affects the prostaglandin system. Like essential fatty acids, EPA can be absorbed through the skin. Salmon Oil, the next best source, contains 18% EPA. Rattlesnake oil contains 8.5% EPA.

Stanley's snake oil – produced by Clark Stanley, the "Rattlesnake King" – was tested by the federal government in 1917. It was found to contain:

(Note that this makes the above similar in composition to modern-day capsaicin-based liniments. Thus, this early snake oil may have worked somewhat as intended, even if it did not contain its alleged ingredients.)

[edit] Real snake oil vindicated?

Given Dr. Richard Kunin's 1989 analysis [2], it appears that the Chinese snake oil made from Chinese water snakes is very high in EPA. This substance is known to be a pain reliever, and the Chinese snake oil products may contain up to 4% of it. Snake oil does not have the dubious reputation in China that it has in the US and elsewhere in the Western world, and it is used widely in traditional Chinese medicine. However, it is not seen as a panacea in China either; there it is used only as relief for arthritis and joint pain.

From a purely pharmacochemical perspective, it is likely that the genuine Chinese snake oil is not fraudulent, at least for its intended purpose. On the other hand, American products made from rattlesnake fats, which have at most 1/3 of the EPA concentration of Enhydris chinensis fat, are likely to have been inferior or even useless for similar purposes. 19th century snake oil peddlers and apothecarians seldom had any serious knowledge of chemistry or pharmacology. It is likely that they did not understand the action mechanism of the Chinese product, or even know its functional ingredient. Instead of analyzing the authentic remedy, they tried to imitate it with unimpressive results. Such inferior or even fraudulent products gave snake oil the reputation it has today.

[edit] Trivia

In December of 2006, Rosie O'Donnell called Donald Trump a "snake oil salesman" in response to the Miss USA (Tara Conner) scandal. This comment resulted in Trump aggressively attacking O'Donnell, making the celebrity feud a top news story.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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