Slash (punctuation)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Punctuation |
|---|
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apostrophe ( ', ’ ) |
| Interword separation |
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spaces ( ) ( ) ( ) |
| General typography |
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ampersand ( & ) |
| Uncommon typography |
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asterism ( ⁂ ) |
A slash or stroke, /, is a punctuation mark. It is also called an oblique, diagonal, separatrix, virgule, scratch comma, slant, or forward slash, and incorrectly a solidus or shilling mark, which is a distinct character.
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[edit] Usage
[edit] History
This symbol goes back to the days of ancient Rome. In the early modern period, in the Fraktur script, which was widespread through Europe in the Middle Ages, one slash (/) represented a comma, while two slashes (//) represented a dash. The two slashes eventually evolved into a sign similar to the equals sign (=), then being further simplified to a single dash (–).
[edit] English language
The most common use is to replace the hyphen or en dash to make clear a strong joint between words or phrases, such as "the Hemingway/Faulkner generation". Yet very often it is used to represent the concept or, especially in instruction books.
The symbol also appears in the hybrid formation and/or, a prose representation of the logical concept of disjunction.
The virgule is also used to indicate a line break when quoting multiple lines from a poem, play, or headline. In this case (and only in this case), a space is placed before and after the virgule. For example: "Love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, / But bears it out even to the edge of doom".
In an ordinary prose quotation, such a spaced virgule is sometimes used to represent the start of a new paragraph.
British English particularly makes use of this alternation with a hyphen in forming abbreviations. Many examples are found in writings during the Second World War. For example, 'S/E' means 'single-engined', as a quick way of writing a type of aircraft. And in the US, "O/O" is used by trucking firms or taxicabs to mean "owner-operator" (or "owned and operated by"). Notice that the phrase has a hyphen, whereas the abbreviation uses the slash.
The slash is often used, perhaps incorrectly, to separate the letters in a two-letter initialism such as R/C (short for radio control) or w/o (without). Purists strongly discourage this newer use of the symbol. However, since other uses of the slash with individual characters are highly context-specific, confusion is not likely to arise. Other examples include b/w (between or, sometimes, black and white), w/e (whatever, also weekend or week ending), and r/w (read-write).
There are usually no spaces on either side of a slash or virgule. Typical exceptions are in representing the start of a new lines when quoting verse, or a new paragraph when quoting prose, etc. The Chicago Manual of Style (at 6.112) also allows spaces when either of the separated items is a compound that itself includes a space: Our New Zealand / Western Australia trip. (Compare use of an en dash used to separate such compounds.)
[edit] Arithmetic
The solidus and virgule are distinct typographic symbols with decidedly different uses. The solidus is significantly more horizontal than the virgule. The character found on standard keyboards is the virgule and while most people lump the two characters together (and when there is no alternative it is acceptable to use the virgule in place of the solidus), they are different. The solidus is used in the display of ratios and fractions as in constructing a fraction using superscript and subscript as in “123⁄456”; the virgule is used for essentially any other textual purpose.
[edit] Bowling
A slash is typically used to denote a spare, knocking down all ten pins in two throws, when scoring ten-pin bowling.
[edit] Computing
[edit] Files
On Unix-like systems, the slash carries two distinct meanings. Its primary use, as with URLs, is to separate directory and file components of a path:
- pictures/image.jpg
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slash_%28punctuation%29
A leading slash however represents the root directory of the virtual file system; it is used when specifying absolute paths:
- /home/joe/pictures/image.jpg
It is sometimes called a "forward slash" to contrast with the backslash \, which MS-DOS and Microsoft Windows systems also accept as a path delimiter. The slash would have been the preferred path delimiter, but MSDOS 2 added the backslash to allow paths to be typed into the command shell while retaining compatibility with CP/M—before directories were supported —where the slash was chosen as the command-line option indicator. For instance to list with the "wide" option the directory /w on your current disk:
- dir /w \w
In DOS and Windows, neither the slash nor the backslash is permitted in the name of a file or directory. Although the underlying operating system supports either character as the path delimiter, some software programs do not accept the slash as a path delimiter.
Some people incorrectly refer to a slash as a "backslash", for instance when reading URLs out loud.
[edit] Chat
Many Internet Relay Chat and in-game chat clients use the slash to distinguish commands, such as the ability to join or part a chat room or send a private message to a certain user.
- /join #services – to join channel "#services"
- /me sings a song about birds.
[edit] Programming
In computer programming, the slash corresponds to Unicode and ASCII character 47, or 0x002F. Note that the ISO and Unicode.org both designate this character as the “SOLIDUS”, while calling the solidus “FRACTION SLASH”, in direct contradiction to long established English typesetting terminology. It is used in the following settings:
- In most programming languages, / is used as a division operator,
- Comments in C, C++, CSS and Java begin with /* (a slash and an asterisk), and end with */ (the same characters in the opposite order).
- C99, C++, and Java also have comments that begin with // (two slashes) and span a single line.
- In HTML and XML, a slash is used to indicate a closing tag. For example, in HTML, </em> ends a section of emphasized text that had been started with <em>.
- Slashes are used as the standard delimiters for regular expressions, although other characters can be used instead.
- Slashes are sometimes used to show italics, when no special formatting is available. Example: /Italic text/
[edit] Dates
Certain shorthand date formats use / as a delimiter, for example "9/16/2003" (in United States usage) or in most other countries "16/9/2003" September 16, 2003.
In Britain there was a specialized use in prose: 7/8 May referred to the night which starts the evening of 7 May and ends the morning of 8 May, totalling about 12 hours depending on the season. This was used to list night-bombing air-raids which would carry past midnight. Some police units in the US use this notation for night disturbances or chases. Conversely, the form with a hyphen, 7-8 May, would refer to the two-day period, at most 48 hours. This would commonly be used for meetings.
The International Standard ISO 8601, in attempting to resolve this ambiguity, introduced problems of its own. According to this norm, dates must be written year-month-day using hyphens, but time periods are written as two standard dates separated by a slash: 1939-09-01/1945-05-08, for example, would be the duration of the Second World War in the European theatre, while 09-03/12-22 might be used for a fall term of a Western school, from September third to December twenty-second.
[edit] Fiction
- For a specialized use of the slash in the titles of fan fiction stories, see slash fiction.
The slash has been used as the title of a novel by Greg Bear, / (Slant). The "Slant" was added on to give people something to call the book, but it has ultimately become the accepted title in many book lists.
The Slash is also the symbol for a wand in NetHack.
[edit] Linguistics
Slashes are used to enclose a phonemic transcription of speech.
[edit] Physics
In physics, a slash through a symbol, like 
is shorthand for aμγμ
[edit] Proofreading
When highlighting corrections on a proof, a copy editor will either write what he thinks should be changed—or why it should be changed—in the margin. He separates his comments with a slash called a separatrix.
In addition, when marking an uppercase letter for conversion to lowercase, an editor will put a slash through it and write lc or l/c in the margin.
[edit] Other alternations with hyphen
Besides the varied usage with dates, the slash is used to indicate a range of serial numbers which have the hyphen already as part of their alphanumeric symbol set. The primary example is the US Air Force serial numbers for aircraft. These are usually written, for example, as "85-1000", for the thousandth aircraft ordered in fiscal year 1985 (which appears on the tail of the aircraft as 51000, it being assumed that the aircraft will be worn out by 1995). To designate a series of serial numbers, the slash is used thuswise: 85-1001/1050 for the first fifty subsequent aircraft.
[edit] Alternative names
Sometimes the slash is called stroke (and oblique stroke) , although that may be confused with the hyphen. Stroke is most commonly used among the North American amateur radio community.
[edit] External links
