Skomorokh
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The skomorokhs (Sing. скоморох in Russian, скоморохъ in Old East Slavic, скоморaхъ in Church Slavonic, skomroszny in Polish) were medieval East Slavic harlequins, i.e., actors, who could also sing, dance, play musical instruments, and compose most of the scores for their oral/musical and dramatic performances. The etymology of the word is not totally clear [1]. There are hypotheses that the word is derived from the Greek σκώμμαρχος (cf. σκῶμμα, "joke"); from the Italian scaramuccia ("joker", cf. English scaramouch); from the Arabic masẋara; and many others.
The skomorokhs appeared in Kievan Rus no later than in the mid-11th century, and the frescos in the Saint Sophia Cathedral in Kiev are there to prove it. The skomorokh art reached its peak in the 15th-17th century. Their repertoire included mock songs, dramatic and satirical sketches called glumy (глумы), performed in masks and skomorokh dresses to the sounds of domra, balalaika, gudok, bagpipes, or buben (a kind of tambourine).
The skomorokhs performed in the streets and on the city squares and socialized with the spectators, drawing them into their play. Usually, the main character of the skomorokh performance was a fun-loving saucy muzhik (мужик) of comic simplicity. In the 16th-17th century, the skomorokhs would sometimes combine their efforts and perform in a vataga (ватага, or big crowd) numbering 70 to 100 people. The skomorokhs were often persecuted by the Russian Orthodox Church and civilian authorities.
In 1648 and 1657, Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich issued ukases banning the skomorokh art as blasphemous, but the actors would still occasionally perform during popular celebrations. In the 18th century, the skomorokh art gradually died away, passing on some of its traditions to the balagans (балаган) and rayoks (раёк).
