Skåneland

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This region should not be confused with Skånland in Norway.
Skåneland

Halland Skåne Blekinge

Sweden and part of Denmark, with the historic region Skåneland (the Scanian Provinces) in brown, consisting of the Swedish provinces Blekinge, Halland and Scania, and the Danish island Bornholm.

Flag of Skåneland, registered with Scandinavian Roll of Arms as a cultural symbol for the region, in official use by Skåne Regional Council since 1999, and used almost exclusively in the Swedish province Scania. Day of the Scanian Flag is celebrated on the third Sunday in July.
Map of ca. 1635 by Cartographer J. Janssonius, Amsterdam, showing "Gothia" and surrounding "lands" or provinces.
Map of ca. 1635 by Cartographer J. Janssonius, Amsterdam, showing "Gothia" and surrounding "lands" or provinces.
Map of 1710 by Johann Homann, member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and Imperial Geographer to Emperor Charles VI, showing "REGNI SUECIAE in omnes fuas Subjacentes Provincias accurate divisi" (Sweden's division into provinces) in 1710.
Map of 1710 by Johann Homann, member of the Berlin Academy of Sciences and Imperial Geographer to Emperor Charles VI, showing "REGNI SUECIAE in omnes fuas Subjacentes Provincias accurate divisi" (Sweden's division into provinces) in 1710.
Anders Sunesøn's 13th century version of the Scanian Law and Church Law, containing a comment in the margin called the "Skaaningestrof" (the Scanian stanza): "Hauí that skanunga ærliki mææn toco vithar oræt aldrigh æn." (Let it be known that Scanians are honorable men who have never tolerated injustice.)
Anders Sunesøn's 13th century version of the Scanian Law and Church Law, containing a comment in the margin called the "Skaaningestrof" (the Scanian stanza): "Hauí that skanunga ærliki mææn toco vithar oræt aldrigh æn." (Let it be known that Scanians are honorable men who have never tolerated injustice.)
The coat of arms of Scania in an engraving from 1712, at the time of the Scanian rebellions.
The coat of arms of Scania in an engraving from 1712, at the time of the Scanian rebellions.
Lund Cathedral (after Helgo Zettervall's 19th century restoration).
Lund Cathedral (after Helgo Zettervall's 19th century restoration).
Halmstad Castle, built during the reign of Christian IV.
Halmstad Castle, built during the reign of Christian IV.
Kyrkhultstugan, a farmhouse from Blekinge, which has been relocated to the outdoor museum Skansen in Stockholm.
Kyrkhultstugan, a farmhouse from Blekinge, which has been relocated to the outdoor museum Skansen in Stockholm.
Painting by Swedish-German artist Johan Philip Lemke of the Battle of Lund during the Scanian War, the bloodiest battle ever fought between Denmark and Sweden.
Painting by Swedish-German artist Johan Philip Lemke of the Battle of Lund during the Scanian War, the bloodiest battle ever fought between Denmark and Sweden.

Skåneland, or Skånelandskapen, (Scanian Provinces in English) is the Swedish denomination for the historical land Terra Scaniae (Scanian Lands) in southern and southwestern Scandinavia, which as the autonomous polity Scania joined Zealand and Jutland in the formation of a Danish state in the early 800s.[1] It consisted of the provinces Scania, Halland, Blekinge and Bornholm and became a Danish province referred to as the Eastern Province after the 12th-century civil war called the Scanian Uprising.[2] The region was ceded to Sweden in 1658 under the Treaty of Roskilde, but the island of Bornholm rose up against the Swedish occupation, and was returned to Denmark. Since Bornholm and the small island of Anholt (once forming part of the parish Morup in Halland) have remained Danish, they are sometimes excluded in modern popular usage.

Skåneland is the Swedish equivalent to the Danish term Skånelandene. Today, the term has no political implications as the region is not a geopolitical entity, but a cultural region without officially established political borders, and the term is therefore sometimes used to refer to the only official political entity in the region still connected to the name Scania, namely Skåne County.

Contents

[edit] Official status

When Skåneland was an official entity, in its original Danish province configuration, its status was determined by the Danish king and the administrative authority under which it was governed, namely the Scanian Thing. Each of the four provinces of Skåneland had representation in the Scanian Thing, which, along with the other two Thing of the Danish state (Jutland and Zealand), elected the Danish king.

Skåneland's four provinces were joined under the jurisdiction of the Scanian Law, dated 1200-1216, the oldest Nordic provincial law.[3] In the chapter "Constitutional history" in Danish Medieval History, New Currents, the three provincial Thing are described as being the legal authority that instituted changes suggested by the elected king. The suggestions for changes submitted by the king had to be approved by the three Thing before being passed into law in the Danish state.[2]

[edit] Status today

Today, Skåneland has no official representation, but is strictly a historic and cultural region. Even though the Danish term Skånelandene is still used in official contexts in Denmark,[4] the use of the term in Sweden has almost disappeared, except in Scania. When defining the region in official contexts in Sweden today, the names of the individual provinces are used instead, or Skåneland is simply considered part of the historic province Götaland (a province referred to as "Gothia" on the 17th century maps).

Because of its limited use, the term "Skåneland" is often seen as an expression of Scanian regionalism. Such regionalism often have a basis in nationalism, in opposition to state nationalism.

[edit] Origin of the name

[edit] Origin of Latin name

The Latin name Scaniæ has the same etymology as the name Scandinavia. The name Scandinavia first appeared in Pliny the Elder’s Naturalis Historia. It was a misspelling of Scadinavia, the name given by Pliny to the province Scania, which he believed to be an island. Pliny wrote about the Hilleviones residing on the island in 500 villages, and the idea that the Hilleviones constituted an early population of Halland has gained acceptance among scholars because the number of villages is thought to be compatible with that of Halland during Pliny's time. If so, the tribe could be the same as the Hallin, of Scandza, who are mentioned by Jordanes.

The use of the name Scandinavia for the Nordic countries only appeared in the 18th century, when it was adopted as a convenient general term for the entire peninsula region of which Skåneland or Scania was part.[5]

The term Terra Scaniae was first used the Middle Ages as a denomination for the region then forming the easternmost parts of Denmark. At that time, dense forests and boggy ground blocked the southern provinces of Sweden from Skåneland, in comparison to the relative ease of travel by sea. It was therefore natural to draw the national borders on land. This is documented by Adam of Bremen in the 11th century when he visited Scania and Scandinavia and called it the richest and most important part of Denmark. Even in later periods as the roads gradually improved, some parts were still difficult to travel through, even through the 19th century.[6]

[edit] Origin of Swedish name

The Swedish term "Skåneland" has been used since at least the 1700s[7], but was popularized by the Swedish historian and Scandinavist Martin Weibull in his political appeal Samlingar till Skånes historia in 1868 to illuminate the common pre-Swedish history of Skåne, Blekinge, and Halland. The term is basically a translation from the medieval Latin terra Scaniæ ("land of Skåne"). Weibull used the term as a combined term for the three provinces where Skånelagen ("The Scanian law", the oldest provincial law of the Nordic countries) had its jurisdiction, as well as the area of the archdiocese of Lund until the Reformation in 1536, later the Danish Lutheran diocese of Lund. This form of Skåneland was then used in the regional historical periodical Historisk tidskrift för Skåneland, beginning in 1901, published by Martin's son, Lauritz Weibull.[8].

Both "Terra Scaniae" and Skåneland were in use after the area became Swedish, as noted by the Swedish Academy, which lists examples[7] of the usage of Skåneland in documents from 1719, from 1759 (by Carl von Linné), from 1901 and from 1937. In many later examples of Swedish usage, Bornholm is no longer included.

[edit] Modern usage

The collective term for the provinces is presently not in general use among Swedish historians or in government administration, but regionally revived notions of a common cultural heritage, separate from that of the national state of Sweden, have warranted international attention, although such support is vehemently opposed and resisted in the rest of Sweden.

The term Skåneland (Scania) is today mostly used to denote the area accepted as an unrepresented nation into UNPO (Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation) and FUEN (Federal Union of European Nationalities), and in order to differentiate it from the historical province Scania proper (Skåne), the now Swedish province Scania (Skåne) and from the administrative county Skåne (Scania County), a county recently established after having been split into Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County between 1719 and 1997.

In UNPO, Scania, like many other historic regions, is currently represented by a NGO, in the case of Scania, the private foundation Stiftelsen Skånsk Framtid (Scania Future Foundation).

The modern usage is also sometimes found in research by Danish and regionalist historians as a way to refer to the common culture, language and history of Skåne, Blekinge, Halland and Bornholm before the Swedish acquisition of Skåne, Blekinge and Halland, as a way to stress the culturally unique features of the region. In regards to the usage of the term regionalist in this context, it is worth noting that the term is sometimes used in a liberal way to encompass all historians who view the two kingdoms' violent and brutal tug of war over the area as a footnote in the history of the region, and not the other way around.

Although the term is rare in official contexts, recent interest has spurred Swedish television to examine the concept and the word is therefore becoming familiar even to Swedes outside Scania.[9]

[edit] History

[edit] Early history

From 1104 the Danish archbishop had his residence in Lund; and it was also here the first Danish university was founded, the Lund Academy (1425-1536).

The earliest Danish historians, writing in the 12th and 13th century, believed that the Danish Kingdom had existed since king Dan, in a distant past. Eighth century sources mention the existence of Denmark as a kingdom. According to 9th century Frankish sources, by the early 9th century many of the chieftains in the south of Scandinavia acknowledged Danish kings as their overlords, though kingdom(s) were very loose confederations of lords until the last couple medieval centuries saw some increased centralization. The west and south coast of modern Sweden was so effectively part of the Danish realm that the said area (and not the today Denmark) was known as "Denmark" (literally the frontier of the Daner).[10][11] Svend Estridsen (King of Denmark 1047 - ca. 1074), who may have been from Scania himself, is often referred to as the king who along with his dynasty established Scania as an integral, and sometimes the more important, part of Denmark.

However, historians also argue that in the loose conditions of medieval kingdom-building of the 10th and 11th centuries, Scania sometimes attached itself to the Swedish kingdom instead of the Danish. In 1330s-1360s, Scania was held as the "third kingdom" by Magnus VII of Norway and Sweden, as a result of temporary dissolution of Danish central government. He was, since 1335, titled "rex Suecie, Norwegie et Scanie" or "regnorum svechie et norwegie terreque scanie rex".

[edit] From the Kalmar Union to Denmark's Loss of Skåne, Blekinge and Halland

When the Kalmar Union was formed in 1397, the union was administered from Copenhagen. By 1471 Sweden rebelled under Sture family leadership. In 1503, when Sten Sture the Elder died, eastern Sweden’s independence from Denmark had been established. [12]

In 1600 Denmark controlled virtually all land bordering on the Skagerrak, Kattegat, and the restricted Sound (Øresund). The current Swedish provinces of Skåne, Blekinge and Halland were still Danish and the province of Båhuslen was still Norwegian. Skåneland became the site of bitter battles, especially in the 16th, 17th and 18th century, as Denmark and Sweden confronted each other for control of the Baltic and of Swedish access to western trade. Danish historians often represent this as a period of unending Swedish aggression during which Sweden was continuously at war, while Swedish historians often represent this as "Sweden's Age of Greatness". [13] [14] [15] [16][17]

Sweden intervened in the Danish civil war known as the Count's Feud (1534-1536), launching a highly destructive invasion of Skåneland as the ally of King Christian III. Subsequently, in the period between the breakup of the Kalmar Union and 1814, Denmark and Sweden fought 11 times in Skåneland and other border provinces: 1563-70, 1611-1613, 1644-1645, 1657-1658; 1659-1661, 1674-1678, 1700, 1710-1721, 1788, 1808-1809, and 1814.[18][19][16] [15]

  • During the Northern Seven Years' War, attacks were launched on Sweden from Danish Halland in 1563, and Swedish counterattacks were launched against Danish provinces of Halland and Skåne in 1565 and 1569. In 1570 peace was finally agreed when the Swedish king withdrew the claims to Danish Skåne, Halland, Blekinge and Gotland, while the Danes withdrew their claims to Sweden as a whole. [16] [15] [20]
  • During the Thirty Years' War extensive combat took place in the Danish provinces of Skåne, Halland, and Blekinge. By the Peace of Brömsebro (1645) Denmark ceded the Norwegian provinces of Jämtland and Härjedalen and agreed Sweden was to occupy the Danish province of Halland for 30 years as a guarantee of the treaty provisions. [16] [15]
  • During what has been described as the Northern War (1655–1658), Danish attempts to recover control of Halland ended in a serious defeat administered by Sweden. As a result, in the Treaty of Roskilde (1658) Denmark ceded the provinces of Skåne, Blekinge and Halland (i.e., Skåneland). [15]

Vilhelm Moberg, in his history of the Swedish people, provides a thoughtful discussion of the atrocities which were committed by both sides in the struggle over the border provinces, and identified them as the source of propaganda to inflame the peoples’ passions to continue the struggle. These lopsided representations were incorporated into history text books on the respective sides. As an example, Moberg compares the history texts he grew up with in Sweden which represented the Swedish soldier as ever pure and honorable to a letter written by Gustavus Adolphus celebrating the 24 Scanian parishes he’d helped level by fire, with the troops encouraged to rape and murder the population at will. One must infer that this Swedish behavior was mirrored equally on the Danish side. Skåneland was a rather unpleasant place to dwell for an extended period.[18]

[edit] Assimilation with Sweden

Following on the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658 - but in direct contradiction of its terms - the Swedish government in 1683 demanded the elite groups (nobility, priests and burghers) in Skåneland to accept Swedish customs and laws. Swedish became the only permitted language in the Church liturgy and in schools, religious literature in Danish were not allowed to be printed, and all appointed politicians and priests were required to be Swedish. To promote further Swedish assimilation the University of Lund was inaugurated in 1666, and the inhabitants of Scania were not allowed to enroll in Copenhagen University until the 19th century.[6]

The population was initially opposed to the Swedish reforms, as can be ascertained from church records and court transcripts. The Swedes did encounter civil revolts in some areas, perhaps most notably in the Göinge district, in dense forest regions of northern Scania. The Swedish authorities resorted to extreme measures against the 17th century rebels known as the "Snapphane", including the use of impalement, where the stake was inserted between the spine and the skin of the victim, the use of wheels to cruch victims alive, as well as the nailing of bodies to the church doors. In that way, it could take four to five days before the victim died. [21] However, it has been debated among some Swedes, whether the Scanian peasants' joining and protecting the rebels were expressions of Scanian regionalism or if it was simply a form of peasant uprising and banditry common throughout Europe during this period.

The transformation of age-old customs, commerce and administration to the Swedish model could not be effected quickly or easily. In the first fifty years of the transition, the treatment of the population was rather ruthless. Denmark made several attempts to recapture the territories -- the last attempt in 1710, during which they almost recaptured the entire Skåneland.[13]

Before 1658, one of the provinces of Skåneland, Scania proper, had consisted of four counties: the counties of Malmöhus, Landskrona, Helsingborg and Kristianstad. When Skåneland was annexed by Sweden, one of the counties of the Scania proper, Kristianstad County, was merged with Blekinge to form one of a total of three Blekinge counties.

[edit] The Bornholm Rebellion

In 1658, shortly after the Swedish general Printzenskiold were sent to Bornholm to start the swedification process, the population of Bornholm rebelled against their new masters. Led by Jens Kofoed and Poul Anker, the rebellion formed in the town of Hasle, north of the largets city, Rønne. Before the rebellion army reached the Swedish headquarters in Rønne, Printzenskiold was shot the Willum Clausen in the street of Sølvgade in central Rønne. While the Swedish fleed the island as a result of the confusion and fear amongst the conscripts, Jens Kofoed installed an intermediate rule and send the message to the Danish King, that Bornholm had liberated itself, and wished to be part of the Danish Kingdom.

[edit] Swedish administration

Gustaf Otto Stenbock, Swedish field marshal. Engraving by N. Pitau (1696).
Gustaf Otto Stenbock, Swedish field marshal. Engraving by N. Pitau (1696).
The historian Martin Weibull.
The historian Martin Weibull.

Sweden appointed a Governor General, who in addition to having the highest authority of the government, also was the highest military officer. The first to hold the post of Governor General was Gustaf Otto Stenbock, between 1658 to 1664. His residence was in the largest city, Malmö.

The office of Governor General was abandoned in 1669, deemed unnecessary. However, when the Scanian War erupted in 1675, the office was reinstated, and Fabian von Fersen held the office between 1675 to 1677, when he died in the defence of Malmö.

Replacing him was Rutger von Ascheberg, in 1680. He came to hold it to his death in 1693. It was during Ascheberg's time in office that the stricter policy of Swedenfication was initiated, as a reaction to the threats of war and possible Danish repossession.

Following the death of Ascheberg, the Governor General was dismantled into separate generals, governing the separate provinces Skåne, Blekinge and Halland.

(See also: Governors-General of Sweden)

Sources: Terra Scania website [22]

[edit] Recent history

The complete history of Skåneland was not taught for a long time in schools in Skåneland, especially during periods with the immediate threat of revolt. Instead a Swedish-centric history was taught, and the Scanian history before 1658, for instance concerning the list of monarchs, was disregarded as a component of Danish history. In reaction, a movement began in the late 19th century to revive awareness of the history and culture of Skåneland. The renewed focus resulted in the publication of several books about Scanian history. [6]

It is still disputed whether children of the Scanian provinces should learn the local Danish-era history or the Swedish history for the period before 1658.

[edit] Scanian regionalism

In addition to the preservation of Scanian culture and attention to Scanian history, most of the regionalist movements in Scania also advocate greater autonomy for regions like Skåneland within the current power structure, and thus more independence for the local councils in relation to the central government in Stockholm. The main thrust for most groups is thus not separatism, but decentralization and more local involvement in policy questions affecting the region.

This form of regionalism has a long history in Skåneland, starting in the days of armed resistance and political maneuvering in the Scanian Thing against the rise of Danish absolutism in the 13th century. It showed up again as the driving force in the peasant peace agreements between villages on either side of the Swedish-Danish border during the 17th-18th century, especially during the Scanian War, when the people along the border defied orders and offered shelter and support to each other during the assaults from the Swedish and Danish kings' troops.[23] It emerged again in the general support of the local peasant irregulars who joined the Snapphane guerilla movement against Sweden, and in the silent resistance from priests in their support of the parishioners during the most brutal periods of the "Swedification" process.[24] It also resulted in open rebellion, the last being the larger scale peasant rebellion against the Swedish king and state in 1811, when the king ordered 15,000 Scanian peasants to fight a war they wanted no part of — against their neighbors across the Sound in Denmark.[25]

The Scanian regionalist movements embrace a host of different ideas for the region, ranging from support for the current regional county council model to opposition to it. Opponents criticize the regional council for its alleged role in diffusing the local support for more radical changes to the current political power structure, and for being too reliant on the party loyalty politics and centralist impulses from the Swedish capital, which are blamed for the lack of development and vision in the region. It also includes groups supporting a Swedish republic, but the federalists are a minority in Scania. The Scanian federalist party, "Skånefederalisterna", received only 732 votes in the last election to the regional council. The long amalgamation of Skåneland with Sweden would suggest that the area is generally "Swedified" and that separatism represents a minority viewpoint.

A national trend towards state nationalism has also affected Scania, with the right-wing Swedish state-nationalist party Sverigedemokraterna voted into Scania's regional council in the last election. The same situation is reflected around the country; the party took seats in around half of Sweden's local councils and is now receiving state support.[26]

The strong regionalist tendencies in today's Scania are in general not separatist, as demonstrated in 2006, at the end of the first trial period of the Skåne Regional Council (formed in 1999) in the newly established Scania county, created 1998. The regional council model had solid support in Scania, in contrast to other counties, with the exception of Västra Götaland Regional Council.

[edit] References in popular culture

  • A large part of the book The Long Ships or "Red Orm" (original title: "Röde Orm"), a best-selling Swedish 1941 novel written by Frans Gunnar Bengtsson takes place in this region. It is the homeland of the book's Viking hero, Orm, from which he sets out to long voyages and to which he returns. The book emphasizes the fact that the region was part of Denmark at the time, and the hero and his comrades are proud of being Danes. It also portrays the inhabitants as rebellious, independent-minded and resentful of all central authority, and is very sympathetic to these characteristics - and though the book is about the Viking era, the 17th century history had obviously been in the writer's mind.
  • The Swedish singer Lotta Engberg mentions the region in the song Succéschottis on her 1987 album Fyra Bugg & en Coca Cola.

[edit] References and notes

  1. ^ Thurston, Tina L. (1999). "The knowable, the doable and the undiscussed: tradition, submission, and the 'becoming' of rural landscapes in Denmark's Iron Age". Dynamic Landscapes and Socio-political Process. Antiquity, 73, 1999: 661-71. (On pp. 662-3, Dr. Thurston, Assistant Professor of Anthropology, SUNY-Buffalo, quotes Sten Tesch, archaeologist and head of Sigtuna Museum, and Märta Strömberg, Professor Em., Archaeology and Ancient History, Lund University: "Scania, [...] now part of modern Sweden, was, until 1658, a province of the Danish state, and has been rightly called 'a prehistoric country in the process of dissolution' (Strömberg 1977: 3) with a 'hidden, but disappearing cultural landscape’ (Tesch et al. 1980: 9), for at one time it was an autonomous polity with a distinct ethnic identity, and despite intensive modern farming the Iron Age 'country' is still remarkably preserved as a relict cultural landscape".
  2. ^ a b Hoffmann, Erich (1981). "The Unity of the Kingdom and the Provinces in Denmark During the Middle Ages." In Skyum-Nielsen, Niels and Niels Lund, eds. (1981). Danish Medieval History, New Currents. Museum Tusculanum Press, ISBN 8788073300. (On p. 101, Dr. Hoffmann, Professor at University of Kiel, argues that the contemporary descriptions of Scania as an autonomous polity had merit; Scania was often disagreeing in the choice of kings, which resulted in several, simultaneously elected kings in the early Danish state. Scania became officially integrated as a province in the late 12th century, with the Treaty of Lolland.
  3. ^ Damsholt, Nanna. "Women in Medieval Denmark". In Skyum-Nielsen, Niels and Niels Lund, eds. (1981). Danish Medieval History, New Currents. Museum Tusculanum Press, ISBN 8788073300: p. 76.
  4. ^ See for example the official site for the Danish Monarchy, the section Kongehusets historie: Kongerækken (The Royal Lineage), where the sub-section "Frederik IV" mentions the king’s abandonment of hope to regain Skånelandene ("opgivelse af håbet om generobring af Skånelandene"). Also see the Danish National Archives for documents relating to Skånelandene, for example Lensregnskaberne 1560-1658: "De vigtigste len i Skånelandene var: Helsingborg, Malmøhus, Landskrone, Christianstad, Varberg, Laholm, Halmstad, Froste herred, Christianopel, Sølvitsborg".)
  5. ^ Østergård, Uffe (1997). "The Geopolitics of Nordic Identity – From Composite States to Nation States". The Cultural Construction of Norden. Øystein Sørensen and Bo Stråth (eds.), Oslo: Scandinavian University Press 1997, 25-71. Also published online at Danish Institute for International Studies.
  6. ^ a b c Skånelands historia, ved Ambrius, J, 1997 ISBN 91-971436-2-6
  7. ^ a b Skåneland, Svenska Akademiens Ordbok (SAOB on the Internet), and Nordisk Familjebok.
  8. ^ Swedish National Encyclopedia article Skånelandskapen
  9. ^ Swedish Television. Del 3: Skåneland. Svenska Dialektmysterier. SVT Online, 25 Jan. 2006. In Swedish. Retrieved 17 Dec. 2006.
  10. ^ Medieval Scandinavia, by Bridget and Peter Sawyer, University of Minnesota Press, 1993.
  11. ^ Kings and Vikings, by P.H. Sawyer, Routledge, 1982. (Sawyer considered sources such as Saxo Grammaticus and Snorri Sturluson but validated their material against contemporary primary documents of the period).
  12. ^ Sweden and the Baltic, 1523 - 1721, by Andrina Stiles, Hodder & Stoughton, 1992 ISBN 0-340-54644-1
  13. ^ a b A History of Sweden by Ingvar Andersson, Praeger, 1956
  14. ^ Nordens Historie, ved Hiels Bache, Forslagsbureauet i Kjøbenhavn, 1884.
  15. ^ a b c d e The Northern Wars, 1558-1721 by Robert I. Frost; Longman, Harlow, England; 2000 ISBN 0-582-06429-5
  16. ^ a b c d The Struggle for Supremacy in the Baltic: 1600-1725 by Jill Lisk; Funk & Wagnalls, New York, 1967
  17. ^ Sweden; the Nation's History", by Franklin D. Scott, Southern Illinois Press, 1988.
  18. ^ a b Min Svenska Historia II, by Vilhelm Moberg, P.A. Nordstedt & Söners Förlag, 1971.
  19. ^ The most notable periods of combat for Skåneland were the Northern Seven Years' War (1563–1570), the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and the Northern War (1655–1658).
  20. ^ Fra Bondeoppbud til Legdshær by Trygve Mathisen, Guldendal Norsk Forlag, 1952
  21. ^ Herman Lindquist (1995). Historien om Sverige – storhet och fall. Norstedts Förlag, 2006 (ISBN 9113015354) (In Swedish), Sixten Svensson (2005). Sanningen om Snapphanelögnen. (ISBN 9197569518) (in Swedish), and Sten Skansjö (1997). Skånes historia. Lund (ISBN 9188930955) (in Swedish).
  22. ^ Terra Scania website, article Skåne Län Efter 1658 in Swedish
  23. ^ Andrén, Anders (2000). Against War! Regional Identity Across a National Border in Late Medieval and Early Modern Scandinavia. International Journal of Historical Archaeology, Vol. 4:4, Dec. 2000, pp. 315-334. ISSN 1092-7697.
  24. ^ Alenäs, Stig (2003). Loyalty - Rural Deans - Language Studies of 'Swedification' in the Church in the Lund Diocese during the 1680s (Lojaliteten, prostarna, språket. Studier i den kyrkliga "försvenskningen" i Lunds stift under 1680-talet). Dissertation 2003, Lund Universitety.
  25. ^ "Peasant Rebellion and War". In The Agricultural Revolution. Educational material for Scanian and Danish highschools, produced by Oresundstid.
  26. ^ SR International - Radio Sweden. "Sweden Democrats to Collect State Support". Sveriges Radio, 21 Nov. 2006. Retrieved 17 Dec. 2006.

[edit] See also

[edit] External links

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