Siege of Sarajevo
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| Siege of Sarajevo | |||||||||
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| Part of the Bosnian War | |||||||||
 Bosnian government parliament building burns after being hit by Serbian tank fire |
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| Combatants | |||||||||
| ARBiH (1992-95) NATO Air Force (1995) |
JNA (1992) VRS (1992-95) |
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| Commanders | |||||||||
| Jovan Divjak Mustafa Hajrulahović Vahid Karavelić Nedžad Ajnadžić |
Stanislav Galić (1992-94) Dragomir Milošević (1994-95) |
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| Strength | |||||||||
| 40,000 badly-armed soldiers (1992) | 30,000-50,000 heavily-armed troops (1992) | ||||||||
| War in Bosnia and Herzegovina |
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| Sijekovac – Sarajevo – Višegrad – Banja Luka – 1st Markale – Bøllebank – Amanda – Tuzla – Mrkonjić Grad – Srebrenica – Storm – 2nd Markale – NATO bombing – Sana |
The Siege of Sarajevo was the longest siege in the history of modern warfare.
It lasted from April 5, 1992 to February 29, 1996. It was fought during the Bosnian War between the forces of the Bosnian government, who had declared independence from Yugoslavia, and the Yugoslav People's Army (JNA) and Bosnian Serb forces (VRS), who sought to destroy the newly-independent state of Bosnia and Herzegovina and create the Serbian state of Republika Srpska (RS). It is estimated that more than 12,000 people were killed and 50,000 wounded during the siege, 85% of them civilians. Because of killing and forced migration, the population decreased in 1995 to 334.663, which means 64% of the prewar population.[1]
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[edit] Warfare
[edit] Build-up
From its creation following World War II, the government of Yugoslavia kept a close watch on nationalism among the Yugoslav peoples, as it could have led to chaos and the breakup of the state. With longtime Marshal Tito's death in 1980, this policy took a dramatic reversal. Serbian nationalists, led by Slobodan Milošević pushed for change in state structure and government that would give an advantage to the Serbs. This in turn led to a rise in power among nationalist political groups among the other peoples. As Milošević pushed his agenda, his counterparts responded likewise and tension escalated.
Fearing a Serb-dominated Yugoslavia, Croatia and Slovenia each declared their independence in 1991. Without the two main non-Serb republics in the federation, the possibility of Serb domination in any future "Yugoslavia" was even greater. On March 1, 1992, the Bosnian government held a referendum on independence. The Bosnian Croats and Bosniaks mostly voted in favor of independence, while Bosnian Serbs boycotted the referendum, considering it unconstitutional. 66% of eligible voters went to the polls, and 99% of those voted for independence, leading to the Bosnian parliament declaring the republic's independence on April 5, 1992. The European community agreed to recognize Bosnia as an independent state on April 6. Before they could officially do that however, war began.
[edit] Start of the war
The first casualty of war is a point of contention between Serbs and Bosniaks. Serbs contend that the first casualty was Serb Nikola Gardović, a groom's father killed at a Serb wedding procession on the first day of the referendum, March 1, 1992. Bosniaks contend that this was one of a number of politically oriented killings in the first quarter of that year.
On April 5, the day of the declaration of independence, massive peace marches took place in the city, with the largest group of protesters moving towards the parliament building. At that point, Serb gunmen fired upon the crowd from the Serbian Democratic Party headquarters, killing two persons. These persons, Suada Dilberović and Olga Sučić, are considered by Bosniaks to be the first casualties of the war in Bosnia and the siege of Sarajevo. Today, the bridge where they were killed is named in their honor.
On the same day, Serb paramilitaries attacked the Sarajevo police academy, commanding strategic positions in Vraca, high above the city.
[edit] The siege
In the months leading up to the war, the JNA forces in the region began to mobilize in the hills surrounding the city. Artillery and various other equipment that would prove key in the future besieging of the city was implemented at this time. In April of 1992, the Bosnian government demanded that the government of Yugoslavia remove these forces. Milošević's government agreed to withdraw those forces who were not of Bosnian nationality, an insignificant number. Those Bosnian Serb forces in the army were transferred to the VRS, which had declared independence from Bosnia a few days after Bosnia itself seceded from Yugoslavia.
On May 2, 1992, a complete blockade of the city was officially established by the Bosnian Serb forces. Major roads leading into the city were blocked, as were shipments of food and medicine. Utilities such as water, electricity, and heating were cut off. The number of Serbian forces around Sarajevo, although better armed, was greatly inferior in number to the Bosnian defenders within the city. Hence, after the failure of initial attempts to take over the city by the attacks of JNA's armored columns, the besieging forces continuously bombarded and weakened the city from the mountains, fortified into at least two hundred reinforced positions and bunkers.
The Bosnian government forces were only lightly armed and many had no weapons at all. By April 1995 there were only 20 artillery pieces and five tanks in the defence of the city (three WWII-era tanks and two T-55's), and the heaviest artillery pieces it had were just eight 120 mm and four 105 mm guns. The strength of the First Corps lay in its considerable supplies of rocket-propelled grenade launchers and anti-aircraft missile launchers with some anti-tank missiles of the Red Star type, but they could not really be used in the offensive actions needed to break out of Sarajevo.[2]
To counterbalance the siege, the Sarajevo Airport was opened to United Nations (UN) airlifts in late June of 1992. Sarajevo's survival became strongly dependent on them.
The second half of 1992 and first half of 1993 were the height of the Siege of Sarajevo. Various atrocities were committed during heavy fighting. Serbian forces from outside the city continuously shelled the government defenders. Meanwhile, some Serbs from inside the city had joined the besiegers' cause. Most of the major military positions and arms supplies within the city were in Serbian control. Snipers roamed the city all over as Pazite, Snajper! ("Beware, Sniper!") became a common sign. Some streets were so dangerous to cross or use that they became known as "sniper alleys". Some neighborhoods of the city were taken over by the Serbs, especially in Novo Sarajevo, as Serbian offensives into parts of the city were met with success.
The city defenders had inferior weaponry to the besiegers. It was not uncommon for guns to be fashioned out of household pipes. Raids and captures on Serb held positions within the city greatly helped the cause. Some Bosnian black market criminals who had joined the army at the outset of the war illegally smuggled arms into the city through Serb lines.
Reports indicate an average of approximately 329 shell impacts per day during the course of the siege, with a high of 3,777 shell impacts on July 22, 1993. The shellfire caused extensive damage to the city's structures, including civilian and cultural property. By September 1993, reports concluded that virtually all buildings in Sarajevo had suffered some degree of damage, and 35,000 were completely destroyed. Among these buildings targeted and destroyed were hospitals and medical complexes, media and communication centers, industrial targets, government buildings, and military and UN facilities. Some of the more significant of these were the building of the presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and the National Library, which burned to the ground along with thousands of irreplaceable texts.
The shelling of the city took a tremendous toll on lives. Mass killings due primarily to mortar shell impacts made headline news in the West. On June 1, 1993, 15 people were killed and 80 injured during a soccer game. On July 12 of the same year, 12 people were killed while in line for water. The biggest of these however was the Markale marketplace massacre, in which Bosniaks alleged that Serb militants killed 68 civilians and wounded 200 others. The Serbs claimed that the Bosniaks carried out the attack themselves in order to blame it on the Serbs and convince the West to interfere militarily on their behalf. A number of investigations were conducted to determine who was responsible. The investigations contradicted each other, sometimes placing the blame on the Serbs, sometimes on the Bosniaks, and other times being inconclusive. The investigation by the UN was inconclusive [3] although an ICTY judge convicted a Serbian commander for several war crimes including the Markale massacre based on another study.
In response to the Markale Market massacre, the UN issued an ultimatum to Serb forces to withdraw heavy weaponry beyond a certain point in a given amount of time or face air strikes. Near the end of the given time, Serb forces complied. City shelling drastically decreased at that point, which could perhaps be seen as the beginning of the end.
Rays of hope began to arise. The Sarajevo Tunnel was completed in mid 1993, which allowed supplies to come into the city, and people to get out. The tunnel was one of the major ways of bypassing the international arms embargo and providing the city defenders with weaponry. In effect, it is said the tunnel saved Sarajevo. The Bosnian forces also used this tunnel to move captured Serbian soldiers into military prisons.
In 1995, international forces firmly turned against the besiegers. Serb forces raided a UN-monitored weapons collection site, which prompted NATO jets to attack Serb ammunition depots. Fighting continued, as the Serbs slowly lost more and more ground. Heating, electricity, and water would eventually come back to the city as well.
A cease fire was reached in October 1995, and the Dayton Agreement was reached later that year bringing peace to the country. A period of stabilization and return to normalcy followed, with the Bosnian government not officially declaring the siege of Sarajevo over until February 29, 1996.
[edit] Aftermath
Sarajevo was heavily damaged during those four years. The siege of Sarajevo was undoubtedly the worst and most catastrophic period in the city's history since World War I. Prior to the siege, the city was experiencing tremendous growth and development. The 1984 Winter Olympics had brought back some of the glory Sarajevo hadn't seen since the late 17th century. The warfare put a stop to all of this, taking the city back to a desolated state of destruction. From a pre-war population of some 500,000, the city was left with a mere 250,000 or so people.
The city used to be a model for inter-ethnic relations, but the siege of Sarajevo inspired dramatic population shifts. Aside from the thousands of refugees who left the city, an immense number of Sarajevo Serbs left for the Republika Srpska as well. The percentage of Serbs in Sarajevo decreased from more than 30% in 1991 to slightly over 10% in 2002. Regions of Novo Sarajevo that are now part of the Republika Srpska have formed East Sarajevo (Serbian Sarajevo), where a good deal of the pre-war Serbian population lives today. Some Serbs that remained in Sarajevo were treated harshly by refugees returning to their homes, significantly so in Ilidža.
Since the gloomy desolate years of the early 1990s, Sarajevo has made tremendous progress, and is well on its way to recovery as a modern European capital. By 2004 most of the damage done to buildings during the siege was fixed. New construction projects have made Sarajevo perhaps the fastest growing city in the former Yugoslavia. Sarajevo's metro-area population in 2002 was around 401,000, which was 20,000 less than the population of the city itself in 1991. With its current growth and reconstruction, Sarajevo may one day in the not so distant future return to its late 1980s form and is clearly on the fast track to recovery, but the scars of the siege of Sarajevo on its history may never fully disappear.
[edit] Ethnic cleansing
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Among the more controversial topics regarding the siege of Sarajevo is the alleged ethnic cleansing that took place at the time. Namely, after several years in the 1990s characterised by denial of the widely held view of the Serb role in the Yugoslav wars, a trend has developed in the 2000s where Serb nationalists have attempted to draw Bosniak and Croat parallels to such infamous examples of atrocities as Srebrenica. Regarding Sarajevo, the typical claim is that between 1992 and 1995, 150,000 Serbs were ethnically cleansed from Sarajevo, with several thousand killed. The allegations were brought to the media forefront in early 2005 when the Prime Minister of RS, Pero Bukejlović, claimed that genocide was committed against Serbs during the siege of Sarajevo that exceeded that of the Srebrenica massacre.
Such claims are, upon careful analysis, fairly easy to refute. First of all, the often cited number of 150,000 ethnically cleansed Serbs is impossible, considering that there were only around 150,000 Serbs in Sarajevo. For such claims to be true, every single Serb in the entire Sarajevo region would had to have been ethnically cleansed. Furthermore, the number of killed and wounded in the siege of Sarajevo has been carefully documented. Out of 12,000 people killed, around one fourth were ethnic Serbs or people of Serbian ancestry. Taking into account civilian and military deaths, the number of Serbs killed is relatively proportional to the percent of the Sarajevo population they made up at the time.
Aside from these documented victims there were, according to the International Red Cross,[4] there were only 242 ethnically Serb missing persons in the Sarajevo area. When it's taken into account that the number of missing persons for various towns in eastern Bosnia is in the thousands, the Serbian claims are proven baseless. Furthermore, the ability of the Bosnian government to stage a genocide of such a magnitude while under siege and being perpetually bombarded is highly questionable. The Hague has yet to make any accusations for individuals that had a role in the alleged Sarajevo genocide, which cannot be said of most major centers of ethnic cleansing in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Commander Mušan "Caco" Topalović did commit crimes against Sarajevo citizens, but he was killed in 1993 during an attempt to arrest him by the government police. Certainly it is plausible that some Serbs were ethnically cleansed, but more than likely these were isolated incidents and not a consequence of direct government action or strategy. Tellingly, though hundreds of mosques in Republika Srpska were demolished, no Serb Orthodox church was harmed during, or following, the siege of Sarajevo.
It must be noted that following the siege of Sarajevo the population of the city had shrunk by around 250,000 people, meaning that besides Serbs 150,000 former citizens of Sarajevo of different ethnicities were also no longer there. Ethnic cleansing had certainly occurred in areas of the city held by Serb radicals; Ilidža, for example, had nine detention camps for non-Serbs. It is no secret that Karadžić's intention was to split the city into two at a point that would have required the ethnic cleansing of over 150,000 Bosniaks and Croats. Once the war was over and Sarajevo firmly in the hands of the Bosniak-Croat Federation, it is understandable that many Serbs would not have wanted to stay in a city where they would have been viewed with suspicion and been a clear minority. In the communities of Grbavica and Ilidža, seized by Serb radicals during the siege, Serbs looted and destroyed what was left of the area to make life harsher for returning Bosniak and Croat refugees. Upon the return of the ethnically cleansed, the remaining Serb community was harassed and looked upon with suspicion, pushing many more to leave the city as well.[5] Thousands of the Serbs who had left the city by then went to what is today East Sarajevo, a politically distinct Sarajevo suburb that in reality is virtually indistinguishable from the rest of the city and home to many Serbs. Leading up to the siege itself, the Serb forces surrounding the city had allowed many Serb citizens to leave while forcing members of other nationalities to stay behind.
Today, Sarajevo citizens of all nationalities generally take accusations of ethnic cleansing in Sarajevo during the war as a highly offensive insult. In response to premier Bukejlović's statement, many have demanded a public apology to all Sarajevo citizens. The president of the Serb Citizens Council, Mirko Pejanović, stated:
- Nobody, not even Bukejlović, can change or cover up the truth for the sake of current political needs. In Sarajevo, during the four year siege carried out by Karadžić's military forces and the SDS, there were deaths of Sarayevians of all ethnicities. The people were both suffering and dying from hunger, cold, they were being killed by mortar shells... among the 12,000 killed Sarayevians recorded in the war, at least one fourth were members of the Serb nation or had Serb ethnic ancestry. Thus, we can not talk of an extermination or genocide of Serbs, but of a responsibility of the SDS and Karadžić's military forces for the overall extermination of Sarajevo and Sarayevians, and within that of the Serb people.
[edit] Siege of Sarajevo in documentaries and art
- Đavo u Sarajevu (Devil in Sarajevo), a book by Nenad Veličković
- Christmas Eve/Sarajevo 12/24, a song by Savatage and the Trans-Siberian Orchestra
- Dead Winter Dead, a rock-opera by Savatage, 1995
- Fax From Sarajevo, a comic-art by Joe Kubert [6]
- Fools Rush In: A True Story of Love, War, and Redemption, by Bill Carter [7]
- "Miss Sarajevo," a song by U2 under the pseudonym "Passengers"
- My Childhood Under Fire: A Sarajevo Diary by Nadja Halilbegovich
- Natasha's Story, a book by Michael Nicholson
- Pretty Birds, by Scott Simon, 2005
- Savršeni krug (The Perfect Circle), a film by Ademir Kenović
- Sarajevo Tango, a comic-art by Hermann Huppen
- Regarding The Pain Of Others, by Susan Sontag
- Remember Sarajevo, by Roger Richards [8][9]
- Romeo and Juliet in Sarajevo, a PBS Frontline documentary
- The Question of Bruno, stories by Aleksandar Hemon
- Welcome To Sarajevo, a war movie by Michael Winterbottom
- Witness from Sarajevo, by Boris Jug [10]
- Zlata's Diary, a book by Zlata Filipovic
[edit] Notes
- ^ April 5, 1992 was the date of the first attack on Sarajevo by the JNA and Serb paramilitaries and is as such considered the beginning of the siege. However as early as March 1, 1992 barricades and and armed gunmen started appearing on the streets of Sarajevo.
- ^ February 29, 1996 was the official end to the siege as declared by the Bosnian government. The war ended with the signing of the Dayton Accords on November 21, 1995 and the Paris Protocol on December 14, 1995. The reason that the siege was not declared as over was because the Serbs had not yet implemented the Dayton deal which required them to withdraw from areas north and west of Sarajevo as well as other parts of the city. The Serbs also violated the Dayton peace by firing a rocket propelled grenade at a Sarajevo tram on January 9, 1996 killing 1 and wounding 19.
[edit] External links
- Final report of the United Nations Commission of Experts on the Siege of Sarajevo
- An incomplete list of persons killed during the siege.
- Survival Map of Sarajevo
- Photos of Siege of Sarajevo
- Radovan Karadzicc $5 million Reward - The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Radovan Karadzic
- Ratko Mladic $5 million Reward - The U.S. Government is offering $5 million reward for information leading to the arrest of Ratko Mladic
