Shirvanshah
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| Early History | |||
| Ancient History | |||
| Albania and Media | |||
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| Medieval History | |||
| Shirvanshah | |||
| Islamic Azerbaijan | |||
| Classical History | |||
| Safavid Dynasty | |||
| Independent Khanates | |||
| Russian Rule | |||
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Contents |
[edit] History
The role of Shirvanshah (Shirvan) (شرونِشآه) state in national development of the Republic of Azerbaijan is hard to underestimate. It was in a continuing existence as independent or a vassal state, from 861 until 1539; longer than any other dynasty in Islamic world. There are two periods of independent and strong Shirvan state: first in XII century, under sultans Manuchehr and Ahsitan who build the stronghold of Baku, and second in XV century under Derbendid dynasty. In XIII and XIV Shirvan was a vassal of stronger Mongol and Timurid empires.
First information on Shirvanshahs appears in mid IX century, when they emerged as the Arab or arabized rulers of the semi-independent principality[citation needed]. The heart of this principality was the mountainous stronghold of Shamakha where the capital was established[citation needed].
Shirvanshahs build many defensive castles across all of Shirvan to resist many foreign invasions. From the walled city of Baku with its Maiden Tower (XII) and many medieval castles in Absheron to impregnable strongholds all over mountains of Shirvan and Shaki, there are many great examples of medieval military architecture. However, Shirvan was greatly devastated by Mongol invasion in 1235, from which it was not able to fully recover for the next century.
Shirvanshah Ibrahim I revived the country's fortunes, and through his cunning politics managed to resist Timurid conquest, letting the state go with paying a tribute.[citation needed]
Shirvanshahs Khalilullah I and Farrukh Yassar resided over most successful period in a history of Shirvan. Architectural complex of "Shirvanshah palace" in Baku that was also a burial site of the dynasty and Halwatiyya Sufi khaneqa, was build during the reign of those two rulers in mid XV centuries. The Shirvanshah rulers were more or less orthodox Sunni, and thus opposed to heterodox Shi'ism of Safavid Sufi order. In 1462 Sheykh Junayd, the leader of Safavids, was killed in a battle against Shirvanishans near the town of Khachmaz - an event that Safavids never forgot. By 1500, significantly weakened Shirvan suffered the onslaught of avenging Safavids.
Shah Ismail I sacked Baku in 1501, and, avenging his grandfather, exhumed bodies of Shirvanshahs, buried in the mausoleum and burned them. Most of Baku population was forcibly converted to Shi'ism thereafter.
The vassal Shirvan state managed to hang on until 1538, when, weakened by internal conflict and a Qalandari dervish uprising, it became an easy prey to Shah Ismail's son Tahmasp I. He gave Shirvan to his brother Alqas Mirza to rule as a province.
[edit] Architecture
Palace of the Shirvanshahs (or Shirvanshahs' Palace, Azerbaijani: Şirvanşahlar sarayı) is the biggest monument of the Shirvan-Absheron branch of the Azerbaijan architecture, situated in the Inner City of Baku. The complex contains the main building of the palace, Divanhane, the burial-vaults, the shah's mosque with a minaret, Seyid Yahya Bakuvi's mausoleum, a portal in the east - Murad's gate, a reservoir and the remnants of the bath-house.
[edit] Shahs of Shirvan lineage
[edit] Mazyaddid/Kesranid dynasty (861-1382)
Heysam Ibn Halid
Mohammed Ibn Heysam
Ali
Mohammed Bin Yazid
Ahmed and Mohammed Shah
Yezid Ibn Ahmed (1002-27)
Manuchehr I (1025-34)
Abu Mansur (1034- 43)
Qubad Ibn Yezid (1043-49)
Salar Ibn Yezid (1050-63)
Fariburz Ibn Salar (1063-94)
Manuchehr II (1094-1106)
Afridun I (1106-1120)
Manuchehr III (1120-60)
Afridun III (1160)
Ahsitan I ibn Manuchehr (1160-96)
Shahenshah I ibn Manuchehr (1196-1201)
Fariburz III (1201-04)
Farrukhzad I (1204)
Qirshasp I (1204- 25)
Fariburz III (1225- 44?)
Ahsitan II (124?- 60)
Farrukhzad II (1260-82)
Ahsitan (1282-94)
Qey Qabus I (1294-1317?)
Qey Qubad I (1317?-
Qabus (13??-1372)
Husheng (1372-82)
[edit] Derbendid dynasty (1382-1538)
Ibrahim I of Shirvan(1382-1417)
Khalilullah I (1417-65)
Farrukh Yassar (1465-1500)
Bahram Bey (1500)
Qazi Bey Ibn Farrukh Yassar (1501-02)
Sultan Mahmud (1502)
Ibrahim II Sheykshah (1502-1524)
Khalilullah II(1524-35)
Farrukh Yassar II (?)
Shahrukh (1535-38)
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- S. Ashurbeyli "History of Shirvanshahs", Baku, Elm, 1983 405 p
