Shekhawati

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View of a Bawdi at Fatehpur,Shekhawati
View of a Bawdi at Fatehpur,Shekhawati

Shekhawati (Hindi: शेखावाटी, IAST: Śekhāwāṭī) is a semi-arid region located in the northeast part of Rajasthan, India. It encompasses the administrative districts of Jhunjhunu and Sikar. From the administrative and geographical point of view Shekhawati is limited to Jhunjhunu and Sikar districts only. Its area is 13784 square kilometers.[1]

Contents

[edit] Origin of Shekhawati

Shekhawati gets its name from the Rajput Kachhwaha chieftain Rao Shekha Ji. The descendants of Rao Shekha Ji are called Shekhawat. The story of Shekha's birth is rather interesting to understand the origin of Shekhawati. Mokal JI and his wife were much troubled as they had no son for several years. They heard about the miraculous powers of the Sheikh Burhan, a Muslim Saint. They decided to pay the man a visit. After they received the blessings of the Sheikh, a son was born to the couple. In honour of the mendicant, the couple named his son Shekha.[citation needed]

[edit] History

Shekhawati in the Desert area of Rajasthan has a special importance in the history of India. Shekhawati has been first time mentioned in the book ‘Bankidas ki khyat’ [2]. Contemporary of Bankidas was Col. W.S.Gardener, who used the word Shekhawati in year 1803. Later Col James Tod wrote history of Shekhawati first time. Shekhawati word has been used in ‘vamsh bhaskar’ many times. This shows that Shekhawati word came in use about two and half centuries back. [3]

About origin of word Shekhawati 'Hakim Yusuf Jhunjhunuvi' gives another view. According to him Shekhawati derives its name from Persian language word ‘Sheekh’ which means ‘Sand deposited on the coastal area of sea’. This indicates that this area has been inundated with seawater long back and converted to sand dunes over thousands of years [4] [5] [6]

In ancient times Shekhawati was not limited to present two districts only but during Vedic times it was known as Matsya desha extending up to Saraswati River, so the Vedas were supposed to be written and compiled on this very land. [7] [8]During ancient times this region was divided in to several janapadas. Every janapada was a free republic state. The development of janapadas in Rajasthan started with habitation of Aryan. [9]

The northern part of Rajasthan was known as Jangladesh (Bikaner and Nagaur) during Mahabharata period. [10], and eastern part Jaipur-Alwar were called Matsya. Pandavas had spent one year of their vanishment in Virata Kingdom as their abode, to live in anonymity, after the expiry of their twelve-year long forest life. [11] According to Vimal Charanlal, Matsya extended from Jhunjhunu to Kotkasim 109 km in the north, Jhunjhunu to Ajmer 184 km in the west, Ajmer to Banas and upto confluence of Chambal River 229 km in the south. The capital of Matsya was Bairat. [12] [13]

About millions of years back this land was inundated with sea water. [14], [15], [16] As per Mr Gorki it needs no evidence as fossils found in the area confirms that this area was a sea at one time. [17] Mr Ojha believed that the desert area of rajasthan was earlier sea but due to earth quakes and other climatic reasons the landform came up and the water receded to the south leaving behind sand mass, which later was known as marukantar. The presence of shells, conch etc found in stone form in this area is clear evidence that this was a sea earlier. [18] [19]

It is not clear when these seas dried up and receded but the desert was created due to the receding of the sea. Many historians have considered this region included in Matsya. Rigveda also provides certain evidences in this matter. [20], [21] Manusmriti has called this land as ‘brahmrishi desha’. [22]

Shekhawati region was included in ‘marukantar desha’ up to Ramayana period. Out of 16 mahajanapadas prior to Buddha, only two janapadas namely avanti and matsya were counted in Rajasthan area. Matsya was also influenced by avanti but later on Nandas of Magadha defeated avanti. Historians believe that Mauryas obtained the Rajasthan from Nandas. [23]

[edit] Mauryan rule

The history of Rajasthan from Mahabharata period to the establishment of Maryan Empire is in dark. So the history of Shekhawati is again available from Mauryan period. [24] [25]

Two inscriptions have been found at Bairat, which was capital of Matsya, indicate that Shekhawati was included in Mauryan Empire. [26] These inscriptions of Bairat provide information about Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka, which confirm their rule in matsya. [27] Chinese traveler Xuanzang also mentions matsya. [28] [29]

[edit] Pratihara rule

After Mauryas we have information about the rule of Pratiharas in this area. [30]

[edit] Chauhan rule

In the beginning of 10th century AD Pratiharas became week and Chauhans of Sakambhari and Gurjar Pratihara of Matsya became independent. [31] After Pratihara the Tomaras of Delhi entered Taurawati. [32]

Chauhans also entered Rajasthan in vikram century 10-11th from this area. This area was around Harshnath and they called their state as Anantagochar with capital at Ahi Chhatrapura. [33] The inscription at famous temple in Shekhawati at Harshanath by Raja Vigrahraj Chauhan in samvat 1030 indicates that his father Singhraj Chauhan had killed Tomar hero Salvan. [34] From the entry of Chauhans to the end of their reign in north India, this land was ruled by small republics of branches of Chauhan vansha like Jod, Mohil, Nikhan etc. [35]

[edit] Kaimkhani rule

A new branch emerged from Chauhans, who were known as Kaimkhani, vanished the rule of Chauhans in this area. The first progenitor of Kaimkhanis was Karamchand born in the family of Moterao of Chauhan clan, the ruler of Dadrewa. [36] Firuz Shah Tughluq converted him to Islam and named him Kaimkhan. [37] [38]Thus his descendants were called Kaimkhani. [39]He embraced Islam along with his brothers, Zainuddin and Jabaruddin, in the times of Sultan Feroz Shah (born in 1310 AD & crowned in 1351 AD). Descendents of Zainuddin and Jabaruddin are also called 'Kaimkhanis'.

Nawab Kaim Khan was an Ameer of the Delhi Sultanate. Tuzk-e-Mehboobia of Sultan-e-Deccan Mir Mehboob Ali Khan mentions:

"Nawab Kaim Khan embraced Islam in 754 Hijra. In 760 Hijra, Sultan Feroz Shah appointed him the Governor of Hisar Ferozah with the title of Khan-e-Jehan". [40]

Nawab Kaim Khan continued as the Governor of Hisar in the times of Sultan Mehmood Shah Tughlaq and Khizar Khan. Khizar defeated Daulat Khan Lodhi and imprisoned him under Nawab Kaim Khan at Hisar Ferozah. (It is the same Daulat Khan Lodhi who was at the helms of the Delhi Sultanate for one year and three months).

Khizar Khan then developed differences with Nawab Kaim Khan. Khizar Khan was on a military campaign when he received the information that Ameers Kaim Khan, Ikhtiar Khan, and all remnants belonging to the household of Sultan Mehmood Shah Tughlaq were planning to dethrone him. Khizar Khan left the campaign and while going back to Delhi, invited with deceit Nawab Kaim Khan and others at a meeting held at the banks of Jumna and murdered them all on 20th Jamadi-ul-Awal, 822 Hijra, [41]

Tareekh-e-Farishta and Tarik-e-Tabqat-e-Akbari also corroborate this incident. It appears that Nawab's body was then thrown in the river Jumna as his burial place is not given in the history books.

Nawab Kaim Khan had six sons, named Muhammad Khan, Taj Khan, Quttab Khan, Mohan Khan, Ikhtiar Khan, and Wahid Khan. In the life of the Nawab, Muhammad Khan lived in Hisar while Taj Khan and Quttub Khan ruled Tussam in Punjab. And Mohan Khan and Ikhtiar Khan were the rulers of Fatehabad and Dhosi. After the death of their father at the hands of Khizar Khan, they dispersed and chose to keep a low profile for the time being to avoid confrontation with Hakim-e-Delhi. Taj Khan was the eldest son of Nawab Kaim Khan and was made the Nawab of Hisar. He ruled Hisar from 1420 - 1446 AD. [42]

[edit] Nawabs of Fatehpur

After death of Taj Khan his eldest son Fateh Khan was made Nawab of Hisar but Bahlol Lodi expelled Fatehkhan from Hisar. Taj Khan's brother, Muhammad Khan was made Nawab of Hansi but he was also expelled. Both these brothers came to Shekhawati area of Rajasthan and established here two states and became Nawabs. These states were Fatehpur and Jhunjhunu. [43] Their descendants also founded the states of Narhar, Barwasi, Jharo Dapti, and Kayad. [44]

The Muslim Kaimkhani Nawab, Fatehkhan established Fatehpur in 1451. He constructed the fort of Fatehpur in 1449 and ruled upto 1474. [45]It served as the capital of Fateh Khan, the Muslim Nawab. Fatehkhan's eldest son was Jalal Khan, who founded the village Jalalsar at a distance of 10 km south of Fatehpur. After death of Fateh Khan in 1474, Jalal Khan became the Nawab of Fatehpur. Jalal Khan was a warrior and kind Nawab. He had left the Fatehpur bid (forest land), north of village Harsawa, for the purpose of grazing of animals.[46] Jalalkhan died in 1489 (samvat 1546). [47]. After Jalal Khan his son Daulat Khan became nawab of Fatehpur in 1489 (samvat 1546), who founded village Daultabad in north of Fatehpur, which is now a mohalla of Fatehpur. He ruled till 1513 (samvat 1570). During his rule there was a tension between Jhunjhunu nawab Bhikan Khan and Nuan nawab Mohabbat Khan. Daulat Khan attacked Jhunjhunu in favour of Nuan. Bhikan Khan was defeated in Abusar war and Mohabbat Khan was made nawab of Jhunjhunu. [48] In 1513, Nahar Khan, son of Daulat Khan, became Nawab. He attacked Rathores and win over many Rajputs in his favour. Nahar Khan founded a town named Narsara in southwest of Fatehpur at a distance of about 12 km. During the rule of Nahar Khan, Delhi Sultnate had seen five badshas namely Sikandar Lodhi, Ibrahim Lodhi, Babar, Humayun, and Shershah. From the reign of Fateh Khan, the nawabi of Fatehpur was under Delhi Sultnate, which became free in 1543 (samvat 1600). [49]

From the time of founding of Fatehpur till the fall in 1631 (samvat 1688), all the nawabs were associated with Delhi Sultnate. [50]

After Nahar Khan, Fadan Khan became nawab in 1545 (samvat 1602), [51] who founded village Fadanpura. Fadan Khan had wars with Chhapoli, Tonk, Ponkh etc rulers and won the wars. He also defeated Bidawats of Chhapar, many Bhaumias, and helped Bahadur Khan to get Jhunjhunu.

In 1552 (samvat 1609), Taj Khan, son of Fadan Khan, became Nawab, who founded village Tajsar, in north at a distance of 4 km. Taj Khan made his grandson, Alaph Khan, as his successor in 1570 (samvat 1627). [52] Alaph Khan founded village Alaphsar near Beswa. [53]

Alaph Khan is considered to be the bravest nawab of fatehpur. He took part in a number of wars from the side of Akbar and Jahangir. He suppressed the Jats of Bhiwani. After Alaph Khan, Daulat Khan II, Sardar Khan, Dindar Khan, Sardar Khan II, and Kamyab Khan were the nawabs of Fatehpur. Meanwhile, Sawai ManSingh, changed a policy, he gave the Jagirdaris to Kachhawa khap of his own community. The ignorance of Muslims led to unrest from their side but it was suppressed and the nawabi of Fatehpur vanished in 1788 AD. [54]

[edit] Nawabs of Jhunjhunu

In 1450 AD (samvat 1507), Mohammad Khan, brother of Kayam Khan, came from Hansi to Shekhawati, the land of Jhunjhunu. He defeated Chauhan, Johad Rajputs and became nawab. [55] and made his capital at Jhunjhunu. After the death of Muhammad Khan nawabs of jhunjhunu were Samas Khan, Fateh Khan, Mubarak Khan, Kamal Khan, Bhikhan Khan, Bahadur Khan, Wahid Khan, Mujil Khan and Ruhel Khan etc fourteen nawabs in the list. [56]The 13th nawab of Jhunjhunu, Fajil Khan, got a longer period of rule. [57]

After Fajil Khan, his son Ruhel Khan became nawab of Jhunjhunu in 1728 (samvat 1785). Ruhel Khan married with a girl of Bidawat Rajputs of Nathasar village in Jhunjhunu. Shardul Singh Shekhawat was also married in Bidawats of this village. The wives of both were related. [58] The last nawab of Jhunjhunu was a weak one. The Muslim sardars of Ruhel Khan were taking advantage of his weakness and creating problems for him. These were Ammanula Khan (Barwasi), Ali Khan (Kant), Taru Khan (Kolasya), Bodu Khan (Kheri), Evaj Khan (Baghera), Ghasi Khan (Bajawa), Salab Khan (Dhanuri), Jarrula Khan and Hathi Khan (Ghoriwara). [59] Under such conditions Ruhel Khan with the advice of his wife invited Shardul Singh Shekhawat to Jhunjhunu for help. He started living at Jhunjhunu in 1730 (samvat 1787). He looked after the state affairs, suppressed the rebels and established his grandeur. [60] Nawab Ruhel Khan died in 1730 (samvat 1787). Shardul Singh was Jagirdar of Udaypurwati and he had eight and half villages under him. Sawai Jay Singh gave the Jagirdari of Jhunjhunu also to Shardul Singh Shekhawat. The Kaimhani and Nagad pathans of Narhar rebelled on this step but it was suppressed. Thus the nawabi of jhunjhunu also vanished. [61]

The Kaimkhanis ruled Shekhawati for about 280 years. The nawabis of Fatehpur and Jhunjhunu were established at same time and vanished also at same time. [62]

[edit] Nawabs of Narhar

Pandit Jhabar Mal Sharma writes about the nawabs of Narhar that about the same time as that of the nawabis of Fatehpur and Jhunjhunu, Nagar pathans established nawabi at Narhar. In 1446 (samvat 1503) a group of pathans under the leadership of nawab Ismail Khan Daler Jang came from Afghanistan. Bahlol Lodi made him his general and subedar of Bihar. He had attacked Narhar and occupied it after defeating Jod Chahan Rajputs. His son Dilawar Khan constructed dargah of hajarat Hajid shakargah in 1455 (samvat 1512). [63]

About Narhar, Thakur Deshraj writes that it was ruled by Nehra Jats. Nehra jats ruled in Rajasthan over an area of 200 square miles. The Nehra hills of Rajasthan were their territory. To the west of Jhunjhunu town is a Hill 1684 feet above see-level and visible from miles around. [1]. This hill near Jhunjhunu town is still known as Nehra Hill in their memory. [64] Another hill was known as Maura which was famous in memory of Mauryas. Nehra in Jaipur was the first capital in olden times. In the fifteenth century Nehras ruled at Narhar, where they had a fort. At Naharpur, 16 miles down below the Nehra Hill, there another group ruled. [64]The present Shekhawati at that time was known as Nehrawati. [65]

At the end of 16th century and beginning of 17th century there was a war between Nehras and Muslim rulers. When Nehras were defeated by nawabs, they used to offer gifts to the Nawabs on special occasions, due to this they were also called 'Shahi bhentwal'. [64]

After nawab Kasim Khan Husain Khan became nawab of Bagar. His some descendants lived at Bagar and Nunia Gothra. Husain Khan’s younger brother Sikandar Khan lived at Khudana. Another younger brother of nawab, Bahlol Khan founded Islampur in 1622. Bahlol Khan’s son Jalal Khan constructed a well in Islampur, which is known as “Jalal Khan ka kuan”.

The pathans of Narhar unitedly opposed the Jagir given to Shardul Singh Shekhawat. [66] Jujhar Singh Nehra (1664 – 1730) played an important role in fighting with the Nawabs. His father was a faujdar of Nawabs. Shardul Singh sought the help of Jujhar Singh Nehra. The Jats through Jujhar Singh and Rajputs through Sardul Singh agreed upon a proposal to fight united against Muslim rulers and if the Nawab were defeated Jujhar Singh would be appointed the Chieftain. [64]

Jujhar Singh Nehra, one day found the right opportunity and attacked Nawabs at Jhunjhunu and Narhar. He defeated the army of Nawab Sadulla Khan on Saturday, aghan sudi 8 samvat 1787 (1730 AD). The Nehra chieftain Jhunjha or Jujhar Singh won the war and captured Jhunjhunu town. [64]This is clear from the following poetry in Rajasthani Language -

सत्रह सौ सत्यासी, आगण मास उदार Satrahasau Satyasī, Agahan Mās Udār
सादे लीन्हो झूंझणूं, सुदी आठें शनिवार Sade līnho jhūnjhanūn, Sudī Āthen Shanivār

The Muslim Nawab 'Sadulla Khan', in charge of Jhunjhunu, was defeated jointly by Shardul Singh and Jujhar Singh Nehra. But, as per Kunwar Panne Singh's book 'Rankeshari Jujhar Singh', Later at the time of victory ceremony Jujhar Singh was deceived and killed by Shekhawats after he was appointed the chieftain. Kunwar Panne Singh has written that after the tilak ceremony of chieftainship, Rajputs attacked him when he was at a solitary place. Jujhar Singh was surprized at this incidence and when he asked what kind of sardari he was being offered this way. He was replied that we (Rajputs) are not fools, we are making you not the live sardar but a dead sardar. You should have remained vigilent. When this news of treachery spread in in the city, there was anarchy in the Jat army and Jats became furious. It is said that at this moment a Charan sung a poetry to Shardul Singh. [67] It is clear from the poetry in Rajasthani Language -

सादे लीन्हो झूंझणूं, लीनो अमर पटै Sade, linho Jhunjhunu, Lino amar patai
बेटे पोते पड़ौते, पीढी सात लटै Bete pote padaute pidhi sat latai
Meaning - This state was taken by Jhunjha from Sadullekhan, he became immortal. Now your seven generations would rule over it.

Jhunjhunu town in Rajasthan was established in the memory of Jujhar Singh Nehra the above Jat chieftain. [64]

During the Mughal rule and British rule in India, Shekhawats were Jagirdars in the region. The Shekhawat chieftains of the region retained a nominal loyalty to the Rajput state of Jaipur, who in turn honoured them with the hereditary title known as tazimi sardar. Shekhawati mainly consists of the area ruled by the five Grandsons of MahaRao Shekha Ji, popularly known as Panchpana. Covering an area of some 30,000 square kilometers, this region has been recognised as the "open-air art gallery of Rajasthan"[68]. Inhabitants of Shekhawati are brave, sacrificing and hard working people. The region provides the highest number of persons to the Indian Army. The Shekhawati region has produced large number of Marwaris who are driving the economy of India. Col. J.C. Brooke in his book Political History of India wrote that for the recruitment of Horse-army there is no region in India at par with Shekhawati.[69]

[edit] Climatic conditions

The natural climatic conditions in the region are very harsh and extreme. The temperature ranges from sub-zero Celsius in winters to more than 50 °C in summers. The summers bring hot waves of air called loo. Annual rainfall is very low, of the scale of 450 to 600 mm. The ground water is as deep as 200 feet (60 m), and at places water is hard and salty. The people in the region depend on rainwater harvesting. The July and August rainwater is stored in pucca tanks and used throughout the year for drinking purposes.[70] Bawdis and johads are traditionally constructed for storing water received from rainfall in this arid region of Rajasthan. The bawdi is constructed in such a design that it gets narrower as we go down. The water stored in it is very cool and used for drinking purposes. On an average the region faces every third year as a dry year and every eighth year as a famine year. The famine of 1899 is considered to be the most severe. During famine years it becomes very difficult for animals to survive and the cattle population goes down drastically.

[edit] Towns and cities of Shekhawati

The major towns and cities of the Shekhawati region are as follows:

[edit] Grand havelis and frescos

The towns of Shekhawati region are known for their painted havelis. This region has been recognised as the "open art gallery of Rajasthan" having the largest concentration of frescos in the world. Most of the buildings of the Shekhawati region were constructed during 18th century to early 20th century. During the British occupation, traders would adapted this style for their new buildings. [71] The havelis are noted for their frescos depicting mythological and historical themes. The frescos include images of gods, goddesses, animals, life history of Lords Rama and Krishna, profusely painted on the havelis in this region.

[edit] Role of Marwaris

The development of the frescos in Shekhawati region is linked with the history of the Marwaris, the influential business community from the Shekawati region (Originally from Marwar thus called Marwari). The Marwaris prospered until the beginning of the 19th century, because of the caravan routes that crossed the area to reach the ports of Gujarat. But from 1820 onwards, many left their families behind and migrated to Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras, which were gaining importance as main trade centers. There they had great financial success. The descendants of these rich merchants have permanently settled down in the towns where their ancestors immigrated.

Between 1830 and 1930, they erected buildings in their homeland, Shekhawati, as evidence of their success. As the ultimate symbol of their opulence, the Marwaris commissioned artists to paint those buildings.

The Shekhawati region has produced large number of Marwaris who are controlling the economy of India. About 80 percent of big industrial houses are managed by Marwaris. India's richest industrialists of the century, such as the Birlas, are Marwaris. Today, the main trading and industrial houses of India have their roots in Shekhawati.

Marwaris have played an important role in the development of Shekhawati region. Their major contribution to the Shekhawati region is in the field of education. Marwaris have also played a leading role in Indian Independence Movement. They provided financial help in running the freedom movement.

[edit] Shekhawati Dialect

Shekhawati is a dialect of the Rajasthani language and is spoken by about three million speakers in Churu, Jhunjhunu and Sikar districts of Rajasthan. Though a very important dialect from the grammatical and literary points of view, yet very little work is carried out on it. In 2001 A descriptive grammar of Shekhawati has been published. Shekhawati, like Bagri dialect of Ganganagar and Hanumangarh districts, has parallel lexicon which make it very rich from the lexicographical point of view. Word order is typical SOV and there is existence of implosives. Beside presence of high tone at suprasegmental level classify it with other dialects of Rajasthani. It has contributed a lot to the development of Rajasthani language and linguistics.

[edit] The famous Marwari industrial houses

Some of the famous Marwari industrial houses are as follows: Bagari, Bajaj, Birla, Chandgothia, Dalmia, Goyanka, Jaipuria, Jaju, Jalan, Jhujhunuwala, Kanoria, Khetan, Kothari, Lohia, Mittal, Modi, Murarka, Parasrampuria, Poddar, Ruia, Rungta, Singhania, agrawal, Sanghi, Somani, Sudrania, Surana,

[edit] Feudalism in Shekhawati

The feudalism functioned as an over-riding politico-administrative, social and economic formation undermining even the institution of caste. The feudal mode of social relations as a dominant force guided everyday life of the people of Shekhawati region in Rajasthan. One could trace some continuity of the past social formation in eastern Uttar Pradesh, Bihar and Bengal in the form of 'semi-feudalism' as characterised by some scholars, but such a situation is not traceable in the present day Rajasthan which was a prominent stronghold of feudalism prior to independence. [72]

Today a remarkable discontinuity in distributive processes and social relations, simultaneous occurrence of the processes of upward and downward social mobility and a self-perpetuating process of social transformation could be witnessed in the Shekhawati region. [73]

[edit] Farmers of Shekhawati

The Marwaris dominated the cities and towns of Shekhawati region. The rural areas of the Shekhawati region are dominated by farming communities. The farmers of the Sekhawati region are considered to be the most advanced in the state of Rajasthan, second only to farmers from Ganga Nagar and Hanumangarh districts.[citation needed] The Shekhawati region has the highest literacy in the state.[74]

The predominant farmer communities in the rural areas of Shekhawati are the Jats: they comprise the largest single caste in the state (9 per cent), and were, in the 1930's and even earlier, the most self-conscious and prosperous among the peasant castes. In 1935 their claims to certain privileges led to a series of clashes between them and the Rajputs, who resisted their attempts to revise accepted signs of status. [75] The Rajput community who were the jagirdars before independence still play very important role in society. The Brahmans and Harijans also play an important role in the area. The farmers of the region have done great struggle to come to the present status.

Before independence, the farmers of the Shekhawati region were exploited and oppressed by the Jagirdars during British Raj. During that time, Jagirdars would burden farmers, known as Kisans, with various taxes, a large part of which was to be paid to the British government. [76]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Taknet, D.K, Marwari Samaj Aur Brijmohan Birla, Indian Institute of Marwari Entrepreneurship, Jaipur, 1993 p 78 ISBN 81-85878-00-5
  2. ^ Mukutji: Jaipur rajya ka bhugol, page 46-47
  3. ^ Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-1
  4. ^ Hakim Yusuf Jhunjhunuvi: Jhunjhunu ka Itihasa, Vol III page-10
  5. ^ [Mansukh Ranwa ‘Manu’, Amar Shaheed Lotu Jat, J C Ranwa Prakashan, Sikar, 2001 p-13]
  6. ^ Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-1
  7. ^ Satapatha Brahman 13/5/9
  8. ^ Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-2
  9. ^ [Prithvi Singh Mehta: Hamara Rajasthan (1950), page 27]
  10. ^ Prithvi Singh Mehta: Hamara Rajasthan (1950), page 28
  11. ^ [Ojha: Rajputane ka Itihasa (Part I), page 83]
  12. ^ [Ojha: Rajputane ka Itihasa (Part I), page 86]
  13. ^ Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-2
  14. ^ Devi Singh Mandawa: Shardul Singh Shekhawat, page 17
  15. ^ Rajputane ka uthala samudra, page-21
  16. ^ FE Partiger: Ancient Indian historical tradition, page-260
  17. ^ Parmeshwar Solanki: Rajasthan marupradesh ka iti vritatmak vivechan, page 16
  18. ^ G.H. Ojha: Rajputane ka Itihasa (Part I), page 83
  19. ^ Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-2
  20. ^ Sukh Sampati Raj Bhandari: Bharat ke deshi rajya, Jaypur rajya ka Itihas, page 3
  21. ^ G.H. Ojha: Rajputane ka Itihasa (Part I), page 83
  22. ^ Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-3
  23. ^ Prithvi Singh Mehta: Hamara Rajasthan (1950), pages 30-31
  24. ^ G.H. Ojha: Rajputane ka Itihasa (Part I), page 86-87
  25. ^ Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-3
  26. ^ G.H. Ojha: Rajputane ka Itihasa (Part I), page 92
  27. ^ Gahlot: Rajputane ka Itihasa, page 6
  28. ^ Patrika. Varda, 912 April 1966 page 39
  29. ^ Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-3
  30. ^ Dr Dashrath Sharma through ages, page 276
  31. ^ Prithvi Singh Mehta: Hamara Rajasthan (1950), pages 58
  32. ^ Dr Dashrath Sharma through ages, page 224
  33. ^ Dr Dashrath Sharma through ages, page 221
  34. ^ G.H. Ojha: Rajputane ka Itihasa (Part I), page 155
  35. ^ Shardul Singh Shekhawat: Lt. Surjan Singh, page 9
  36. ^ Muhnot nainsi ki khyat part-1 page 99
  37. ^ Dr Dashrath Sharma: Kaimkhan Rasa, page-1
  38. ^ Sahiram: Ek adhūrī krānti, Shekhawati kā kisān āndolan (1922-1952), page-4
  39. ^ Jhabarmal Sharma: Maru Bharat 1/3, page 5
  40. ^ Tuzk-e-Mehboobia, Volume II, Page No.189
  41. ^ Tarikh-e-Hindustan, Volume II by Maulvi Zaka-ullah Delhvi. Pages 294, 297 & 302.
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  43. ^ Sahi Ram: Ek adhuri kranti, page 4-5
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  45. ^ Kaimkhan Rasa, page 11
  46. ^ Sahi Ram: Ek adhurī krānti, page 5
  47. ^ Dinmani: Fatehpur parichay, page 27
  48. ^ Dayaldas ki khyat, Vol II, page 8
  49. ^ [Dinmani: Fatehpur parichay, page 29]
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  51. ^ Kaimkhan Rasa: page 24
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  65. ^ Dr Mahendra Singh Arya, Dharmpal Singh Dudi, Kishan Singh Faujdar & Vijendra Singh Narwar, Adhunik Jat Itihasa (The modern history of Jats), Agra 1998
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  67. ^ Kunwar Panne Singh, Rankeshari Jujhar Singh
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[edit] Further reading

  • Ranbir singh Shekhawat(DUNDLOD) History of Shekhawats,Jaipur,2001 ISBN 81-86782-74-5
  • Ghansyamdas Birla: Bikhare Vicharon ki Bharonti, New Delhi, 1978

[edit] External links



State of Rajasthan
Rajasthan Topics
Capital Jaipur
Divisions Ajmer | Bharatpur | Bikaner | Jaipur | Jodhpur | Kota | Udaipur
Districts Ajmer | Alwar | Banswara | Baran | Barmer | Bhilwara | Bikaner | Bharatpur | Bundi | Chittorgarh | Churu | Dausa | Dholpur | Dungarpur | Ganganagar | Hanumangarh | Jaipur | Jaisalmer | Jalore | Jhalawar | Jhunjhunu | Jodhpur | Karauli | Kota | Nagaur | Pali | Rajsamand | Sawai Madhopur | Sikar | Sirohi | Tonk | Udaipur
Major cities Alwar • Bhilwara • Bikaner • Jaipur • Jaisalmer • Jodhpur • Udaipur
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