Shanyu
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Shányú (Archaic Chinese: dar wa;[citation needed] Traditional Chinese: 單于; Simplified Chinese: 单于) (sometimes translated as Chanyu from Chinese, while in fact in Old Chinese, 单 was pronounces as Shan, but in Modern Chinese pronounced as Chan) was the title used by the rulers of the Xiongnu during the Han Dynasty 206 BC - 220. It means "son of endless sky" (chenli gyda shanyu) The literal translation is probably something like "the greatest" in the Xiongnu language. It is believed by some historical linguists to be approximately pronounced "zyam-gu" in archaic Chinese, and is therefore cognate, or identical to the title "Yabgu" used by Yuezhi, Sogdian and Turkic rulers throughout ancient and medieval times. The title "Yabgu" is often transliterated as Xihou and Yehu by documents in literary Chinese with regard to Tocharian and Sogdian contexts, respectively. According to Turkish name etymological site, [1] the name "Yabgu" means "1. Eski Türk Devletlerinde "hükümdar" anlamında kullanılan bir san. 2. Yol gösterici, kılavuz." As yet there is no known classification for the Xiongnu language and most of what is known consists of words preserved by Chinese historians. It was roughly equivalent to the Chinese "Son of Heaven". Like most nomadic groups, the succession was hereditary in theory. In practice it often happened otherwise with the strongest close male relative taking power in a process the late Joseph Fletcher called blood tanistry. In total there are 60 historical Shanyu.
[edit] List of principal Xiongnu chieftains (提)
| Chinese name | Data | Reign | ||
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| Xia, Chun-Wei (夏, 淳維) | Legendary king a.k.a. Sunni[citation needed] | c. 1800-1766BC | ||
| ?Kia?[citation needed] | ??? | ?- 270BC?[citation needed] | ||
| ?Tangriqut?[citation needed] | ??? | ?270 - 240BC?[citation needed] | ||
| Tu-Man (頭曼) | a.k.a. Tumen | 240 - 209BC | ||
| Mo-Tun (冒顿) | a.k.a. Batur | 209 - 174BC | ||
| Ki-Ok (老上) | a.k.a. Kokkhan | 174 - 161BC | ||
| Chun-Chin (車臣) | a.k.a. Kunkhan | 161 - 126BC | ||
| I, Tsin-Xien (伊, 稚邪) | a.k.a. El'chishye | 126 - 114BC | ||
| Wu-Wey (烏維) | a.k.a. Uvey | 114 - 105BC | ||
| Wu, Shi-Lu? (烏, 師盧?) | a.k.a. Uyshilar | 105 - 102/1BC | ||
| Ku/Zhou, Li-Hu (口/句, 黎湖) | a.k.a. Kulighu | 102/1 - 101/0BC | ||
| Chu, Ti-Qu (且, 提侯) | ??? | 101/0 - 96BC | ||
| Hu, Lu-Ku (狐, 鹿姑) | a.k.a. Ghuliqu | 96 - 85BC | ||
| Chu, Yan-Ti (壺, 衍提) | a.k.a. Ghuyandi | 85 - 68BC | ||
| Hsu-Lu (虛閭) & Chuan-Chou (權渠) | Two brothers: Shuluy & Qanghuy | 68 - 60BC | ||
| Ang, Yan-Ti (握, 衍提) | a.k.a. Uyanquti (?月句?) | 60 - 58BC | ||
| Hu, Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) | a.k.a. Qoghoshar (Khukheniy I) opposed by... ...Bosiuytang-Zhuki (West) ...Huge (Northwest) ...Cheli (Southwest) ...Uji (Northwest) ...Zhunzhen (West) ...Zhizhi-Guduhu (East) |
58 - 31BC 58 - 56 58 - 57 58 - 56 58 - 57 56 - 54 55 - 47 |
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| Fu-Chu Ley Ju-Ti (復株 累 若提) | a.k.a. Pozhu-Lu-NoTi | 31 - 20BC | ||
| Su-Xie Ju-Ti (搜諧 若提) | Shuzhu-NoTi | 20 - 12BC | ||
| Che-Ya Ju-Ti (車牙 若提) Wu Ley Ju-Ti (烏 累 若提) |
Qiya-NoTi, opposed by U-Lu-NoTi |
12 - 8BC 11 - 10BC |
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| Wu-Zhou Liu Ju-Ti (烏珠 留 若提) | Uchi-Lu-NoTi | 8 BCE - 13 AD | ||
| Wu Ley Ju-Ti (烏 累 若提) | U-Lu-NoTi (restored) | 13 - 18AD | ||
| Hu, Duershi TaoGao-JuTi (呼, 都而尸 道皋 若提) Wu-Ta Ti-Qu (烏達 提侯) |
Ghuduarshi Davga-Noti, opposed by... ...Xiuybudan ...Udatqu |
18 - 46AD 18 - 19AD 21 - 46AD |
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| Pu-Nu (蒲奴) | a.k.a. Panu, he was shunned to the Northwest by KhuKheniy II. The descendants of his supporters were eventually driven to the west of the Caspian sea by Ban Chao where they were noticed by Tacitus |
46 - 48AD | ||
| Hu, Han-Sie/Hanxie (呼, 韓邪) Di II (第二) 醢落尸逐鞮 |
a.k.a. Bey/Bi (KhuKheniy II) of the East partition brought the southern Xiongnu into tributary relations with Han China in AD 50 |
48-56/55AD | ||
| Chiu-Fu Yu-Ti (丘浮 尤提) | Chupu-NoTi | 55/56-56/57AD | ||
| I-Fa Wu Yu-Ti (伊伐 於 慮提) | ??? | 56/57-59AD | ||
| XienTung ShiSuQuTi (醢僮 尸逐侯提) | Shtongsi SuyGhuTi | 59-63AD | ||
| 丘除車林提 | Kuchi QilinTi | 63AD | ||
| HuYeh ShiSuQuTi (湖邪 尸逐侯提) | Ghushi Shisu Quti | 63-85 | ||
| I-Tu-Yi-Lu-Ti (伊屠 於 閭提) | Iltu UluTi | 85-88AD | ||
| XiuLan ShiSuQuTi (休蘭 尸逐侯提) | Shulan | 88-93 | ||
| Anguo (安國) | a.k.a. Arqu started a large scale rebellion against the Han |
93-94AD | ||
| Tindu ShiSuQuTi (亭獨 尸逐侯提) | ??? | 94-98AD | ||
| Wanchi ShiSuQuTi (萬氏 尸逐侯提) | opposed by... ...Finghey |
98-124AD 98-118AD |
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| Wuzhi ShiSuQuTi (烏稽 尸逐侯提) | ??? | 124-127/128 | ||
| Kuti NoShiSuChin (去特 若尸逐就) | Committed suicide | 127/128-140/142? | ||
| Chu-Xiu | ??? | 140 - 143 | ||
| Hu, Lan NoShiSuChin (呼, 蘭 若尸逐就) | Ghoran | 143-147AD | ||
| I-Ling NoShiSuChin (伊陵 若尸逐就) | Illin | 147-172AD | ||
| Dotuk NoShiSuChin (屠特 若尸逐就) | a.k.a. Utno Shisu Quti | 172-177/8AD | ||
| Hu, Ching (呼, 徵) | a.k.a. Ghuzhin | 177/8-179AD | ||
| Chiang-Chu (羌渠) | a.k.a. Qanquy | 179-188AD | ||
| Luanti Yufuluo (于扶罗) | a.k.a. Qizi ShiSuQu (特至 尸逐侯). The last ShiSu. Overthrown in the Ordos by the unnamed Shanyu of Xiluo 醯落 and Tu'ge 屠各. Led dozens of refugee Xiongnu tribes to Pingyang (平阳) in Shanxi. |
188-195AD | ||
| Ho, Chu-Quan (呼, 廚泉) | Yufuluo's brother(?) he ruled over the Pingyang Xiongnu after Yufuluo died. |
195-215/6BC | ||
| Liu Bao (劉豹) | Yufuluo's son. He changed the Shanyu clan name from Luanti to Liu -meaning Dragon in the Xiongnu Language. He bore the title 匈奴 單于 but ruled only over the West partition in Jiuyuan (九原) of the Pingyang Xiongnu newly partitioned into North, South, left (West), right (East), and Centre by Cao Cao |
216-260AD | ||
| 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi | Huchuquan's son. Cao Cao ordered him to rule over the north partition of Pingyang Xiongnu as Tiefu Right Virtuous King (鐵弗 右贤王). |
260-272 | ||
| 劉誥升爰 Liú Gàoshēngyuán | Son of 劉(刘)去卑 Liú Qùbēi. Bore the title 鐵弗 右贤王 | 272-309 | ||
| Liú Yuān (劉淵) | a.k.a. Guangwen (光文). Son of Liu Bao (劉豹). Bore the title 匈奴 單于 |
309-310 | ||
| Liu He, ch. 劉和 py. liú hé | ??? | 7 days in 310 | ||
| Liu Cong, ch. 劉聰 py. liú cōng | a.k.a. Zhaowu, ch. 昭武, py. zhāo wǔ | 310-318 | ||
| Liu Can, ch. 劉粲 py. liú càn | a.k.a. Yin, ch. 隱 py. yǐn | a month and days in 318 | ||
| Liu Yao ch. Liu Yao 劉曜 py. liú yaò | a.k.a. Hou Zhu (後主 hòu zhǔ) | 318-329 | ||
| Liu Xi ch. Liu Xi 劉熙; py. liú xī; | Last ruler of Han Zhao | 329 | ||
| 劉虎 Liú Hǔ | Liu Qubei's grandson. He was not allowed to call himself Shanyu | 329-341 | ||
| 劉務恒 Liú Wùhéng | ??? | 341-356 | ||
| 劉閼陋頭 Liú èlòutóu | ??? | 356-358 | ||
| 劉悉勿祈 Liú Xīwùqí | ??? | 358-359 | ||
| 劉衛辰 Liú Wèichén | Emperor Huan | 359-391 | ||
| 劉勃勃 Liú Bóbó | a.k.a. Wulie (武烈 Wǔliè) established Xiongnu Xia 407 and in 413 reverted surname to 赫連 Hèlián | 391-425 | ||
| 赫連昌 Hèlián Chāng | ??? | 425-428 | ||
| 赫連定 Hèlián Dìng | Last native ruler of Huns in China | 428-431 | ||
