Sewer

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For other uses, see Sewer (disambiguation).

A sewer is an artificial conduit or system of conduits used to remove sewage (human liquid waste) and to provide drainage. In the 20th century developed world, sewers are usually pipelines that begin with connecting pipes from buildings to one or more levels of larger underground horizontal mains, which terminate at sewage treatment facilities. Vertical pipes, called manholes, connect the mains to the surface. Sewers are generally gravity powered, though pumps may be used if necessary.

Storm sewers (also storm drains) are large pipes that transport storm water runoff from streets to natural bodies of water, to avoid street flooding. When the two systems are operated separately, the sewer system that is not the set of storm drains is called a sanitary sewer.

Image of a sewer pipe

1 Storm sewer function
2 History
3 Etymology
4 Sewers in non-fiction
5 Sewers in fiction
- 5.1 Films and video games
- 5.2 Sewer alligators
6 Accidents
- 6.1 Lessons learned
7 See also
8 Images
9 External links

[edit] Storm sewer function

Catchbasins are immediately below the vertical pipes connecting the surface to the storm sewers. While sewer grates covering the vertical pipes prevent large objects from falling into the sewer system, the grates are spaced far enough apart that many small objects can fall through. The area immediately below the catchbasin "catches" such detritus. Water from the top of the catchbasin drains into the sewer proper. The catchbasin serves much the same function as the "trap" in household wastewater plumbing in trapping objects. Unlike the trap, the catchbasin does not necessarily prevent sewer gases such as hydrogen sulfide and methane from escaping. Catchbasins contain stagnant water and can be used by mosquitoes for breeding. Catchbasins require regular cleaning to remove the trapped debris. Municipalities typically have large vacuum trucks that clean out catchbasins.

Storm sewer water may be treated or not, depending on jurisdiction. Treatment helps purify the storm water before being restored to a natural body of water. Storm water may become contaminated while running down the road or other impervious surface, or from lawn chemical runoff, before entering the sewer. It is a good idea to separate storm sewers from waste sewers because the huge influx of water during a rainstorm can overwhelm the treatment plant, resulting in untreated sewage being discharged into the environment. Washington, D.C. and other cities with older combined systems have this problem after every heavy rain. Some cities have dealt with this by adding large storage tanks or ponds to hold the water until it can be treated. Chicago has a system of tunnels underneath the city for storing its stormwater. [1]

However, completely separating storm sewers from sanitary sewers often means no treatment of stormwater, which is not desirable either, as the first flush from storm runoff can be extremely dirty, although some of the contaminants in the runoff, such as heavy metals, oils and many chemicals, are not removed through waste water treatment systems anyway. Runoff into storm sewers can be minimized by including sustainable urban drainage systems in to municipal plans. Eaves troughs should not discharge directly into the storm sewer system but rather onto the ground where it has a chance to soak into the soil. Where possible, storm water runoff should be directed to unlined ditches before flowing into the storm sewers, again to allow the runoff to soak into the ground.

Separation of undesired runoff can be done within the storm sewer system, but such devices are new to the market and can only be installed with new development or during major upgrades. They are referred to as oil-grit separators (OGS) or oil-sediment separators (OSS). They consist of a specialized manhole chamber, and use the water flow and/or gravity to separate oil and grit.

[edit] History

The earliest covered sewers uncovered by archaeologists are in the regularly planned cities of the Indus Valley Civilization. In ancient Rome, the Cloaca Maxima, considered a marvel of engineering, disgorged into the Tiber. In medieval European cities, small natural waterways used for carrying off wastewater were eventually covered over and functioned as sewers. London's River Fleet is such a system. Open drains along the center of some streets were known as 'kennels' (= canals, channels). The 19th-century brick-vaulted sewer system of Paris offers tours for tourists.

[edit] Etymology

The words "sewer" and "sewage" came from Old French essouier = "to drain" from Latin exaquāre, and their formal Latin origins are exaquārium and exaquāticum.

[edit] Sewers in non-fiction

The image of the sewer recurs in European culture as they were often used as hiding places or routes of escape by the scorned or the hunted, including partisans and resistance fighters in WWII. The only survivors from the Warsaw Ghetto made their final escape through city sewers. Some have commented that the engravings of imaginary prisons by Piranesi were inspired by the Cloaca Maxima.

[edit] Sewers in fiction

[edit] Films and video games

The theme of traveling through, hiding, or even residing in sewers is a common cliché in fantasy role-playing games, and media. Some titles that include this cliché are the Mario series, Doom, Deus Ex, Dark Cloud 2, Duke Nukem 3D, The Matrix, Resident Evil 2, Hitman 2 Silent Assassin, Silent Hill 3, The Shawshank Redemption, Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles, Batman Returns, Freedom Fighters and many materials related to the influential Dungeons & Dragons game. The darkness, maze-like layout, separation/connection with the city overhead, and the slime create a perfect environment for fantasy adventure. The odors and health concerns that would surround sewer travel in real life are often not addressed or are downplayed in these titles.

The sewers under Vienna serve as the setting for the climactic scene in the film The Third Man. (These sequences are echoed in the American film noir, He Walks by Night, starring Richard Basehart). Sewers are also used in the novel Les Misérables as a setting for escaping and pursuit following a lost battle.

[edit] Sewer alligators

A well-known urban legend, the sewer alligator, is that of giant alligators or crocodiles residing in sewers, especially of major metropolitan areas. The Thomas Pynchon novel, 'V.', features extended passages in which one of the protagonists, Benny Profane, works with a fictional New York City task force to track alligators in the city sewers. His goal is to bag the great albino alligator, reputed to inhabit the system. This literary conceit grows from the persistent urban legend that baby pet alligators, flushed down toilets by tourists returning from Florida, continue to live and flourish in the pipes below.

An 8-foot alligator was trapped in a New York sewer in 1935.

A public sculpture in Brooklyn, New York east of Jay Street, south of Tech Place, depicts an alligator dragging a hapless victim into a manhole.

[edit] Accidents

A sewer main in Guadalajara, Mexico had to be diverted down through an inverted siphon (culvert) to allow space for a metro railway to be built. The inverted siphon allowed water and waste to pass, but not fumes. Petrol which spilled or leaked into the sewer on one side of the inverted siphon could not easily escape to the safe exit on the other side, and petrol vapor accumulated and finally exploded killing hundreds. These explosions occurred in 1983 and most seriously on April 22, 1992.

A sewer trap is a U-shaped bend in a water conduit, as found on toilets, and wash basin outlets. Most of the time, traps are used to block the fumes, but not the waste and water.

[edit] Lessons learned

The sewer inverted siphon should have had a second siphon over the metro tunnel to allow fumes to get from one side to the other, as if the metro tunnel were not there.