Sematurinae

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Sematurinae

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Arthropoda
Class:	Insecta
Order:	Lepidoptera
Suborder:	Glossata
Infraorder:	Heteroneura
(unranked)	Ditrysia
Superfamily:	Geometroidea
Family:	Sematuridae
Subfamily:	Sematurinae

Diversity

about 29[41] species

Genera

Coronidia Westwood, 1879
- =Conoris Berthold, 1827 [Rejected name]
- =Larunda Hübner, 1823 [Junior homonym]
- =Coronis Latreille, 1829 [Junior homonym]
Homidiana Strand, 1914
- =Homidia Strand, 1911 [Junior homonym]
Sematura Dalman, 1824
- =Nothus Billberg, 1820 [Junior homonym of Nothus Ziegler in Oliver, 1811]
- =Mania Hübner, 1823 [Junior homonym]
- =Manidia Westwood, 1879 [Unnecessary replacement name]
Lonchotura Hampson, 1918
Anurapteryx Hampson, 1918

Species - see "Provisional list of species"

Sematurinae is a subfamily of moths in the family Sematuridae, represented by at least 29 species in the Neotropics.

1 Taxonomy, classification and identification
2 Behaviour
3 Biology
4 Larval hostplants
5 References
6 Sources
7 External links
8 Provisional list of species (based on LepIndex)

[edit] Taxonomy, classification and identification

Sematurinae has three principal genera, and possibly another two. The hindwing of Coronidia is distinguished by an iridescent blue band[1], but Homidiana characteristically has pink, orange or yellow markings[2], especially in females (Minet and Scoble, 1999). The genus Sematura is large, brown and tailed, resembling to some extent the genus Lyssa. The approximately twelve other sematurid species in the genera Anurapteryx and Lonchotura are placed here for now (making about 41 species) but may not belong in this subfamily; one species, Anurapteryx crenulata reaches the subtropics of Arizona [3] (Minet and Scoble, 1999). The relationships within Sematuridae clearly need deeper investigation.

Note: the name Nothus is preoccupied by a genus of Coleoptera [4] so despite its lack of date precedence the name Sematura should be preferred (Minet and Scoble, 1999). Mania was however described at an earlier date (1821; 1823 listed in LepIndex) than Sematura according to Index Animalium [5] so whilst this is not a name in popular use, the priority issue should be further examined.

[edit] Behaviour

The adult moths of Sematurinae are either day or night-flying, depending on the genus and have the wings outspread at rest and the genus Sematura displays impressive eyespots at the hindwing tails[6].

[edit] Biology

The biology of Sematurinae is so far poorly known. The larva of Homidiana was illustrated by Westwood (1879) who incorrectly placed it among Coronidia, and was described by Fassl (1910). In 1995-1998, caterpillars were found in Costa Rica [7]. Sematurine eggs have been described by Minet and Scoble (1999:302), and are upright, high, with vertical and finer transverse ribs. The caterpillars of Homidiana subpicta have rows of black spines either side of the dorsal midline and five pairs of prolegs [8]. The larva of Coronidia orithea lacks such spines, and is well camouflaged like a lichen-covered twig[9] and has realistic-looking false eyes making it resemble a predatory spider[10]. The larvae of Sematura were reared in Costa Rica in 2001 and are a bit similar to those of Coronidia being well camouflaged but bearing small projections rather than long spines one the dorsal surface[11]. Like some Uraniidae, pupation occurs on the ground among debris. The pupa of Homidiana has a long projecting proboscis "sheath" [12] with eight hooklets at the cremaster tip (Minet and Scoble, 1999).

[edit] Larval hostplants

The caterpillar of Coronidia orithea is so far only known to feed on mistletoes (Viscaceae: Phoradendron quadrangulare). Homidiana subpicta feeds on a more diverse range of plants, including the families Araliaceae (Oreopanax), Gesneriaceae, Myrsinaceae (Ardisia, Myrsine, Piperaceae (Piper), Solanaceae (Solanum), Onagraceae (Ludwigia) and Theophrastaceae (Clavija)[13]. "Sematura luna"[14] reared in 2001 whose well-camouflaged larva is reported to feed on the legume Pentaclethra macroloba (Mimosoideae) and on Syzygium longifolium (Myrtaceae).

[edit] References

Fassl, A.H. (1910). Die Raupe einer Uranide. Z. wiss. InsektBiol, 6(10): 355.
Minet, J. and Scoble, M. J. (1999) [1998] The Drepanoid/Geometroid Assemblage. Pp. 301-320 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.), 1999 [1998]. Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1, Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbook of Zoology, vol. IV, Arthropoda: Insecta, Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin and New York.
Westwood, J.O. 1879. Observations on the Uraniidae, a family of Lepidopterous Insects, with a Synopsis of teh Family and a Monograph of Coronidia, one of the genra of which it is composed. Transactions of the Zoological Society, 10(12): 1-35, 3 plates.

[edit] Sources

NHM Lepindex
Dyer, L.A. and G.L. Gentry. 2002. Caterpillars and parasitoids of a tropical lowland wet forest. http://www.caterpillars.org. Accessed: March 2007.

[edit] External links

[edit] Provisional list of species (based on LepIndex)

Coronidia erecthea Westwood, 1879 [Type locality Espiritu Santu, Brazil] Card
Coronidia hyphasis (Hopffer, 1856) (originally in Coronis) [Type locality Mexico]Card
Coronidia orithea (Cramer, Papill. Exot. 3:121) (originally in Phalaena) [Type locality Surinam] [15][16][17]
- =? durvillii Guenée, 1857Card
- =Coronidia hysudrus Hopffer, 1857Card
- =Coronidia boreada Westwood, 1879Card
Coronidia difficilis Strand, 1911 [Type locality Chanchamayo, Peru]Card
- =Coronidia ecuadorensis Strand, 1911var. of difficilis
Homidiana aeneophlebia (Hampson, Novitates Zoologia 25:374) (originally in Homidia)Card
Homidiana anilina Bryk, 1930 [Type locality Bolivia] Card
Homidiana brachyura Hampson, Novit. Zool. 25:373 (originally in Coronidia subg. (Homidiana)) Card
Homidiana briseis (Westwood, 1879) (originally in Coronidia)Card
Homidiana canace Hopffer, 1856[18][19]Card
- =Coronidia aeola Westwood, 1879Card
- =Coronidia paulina Westwood, 1879Card
- =Coronis cana Hopffer, 1856Card
Homidiana egina (Blanchard, 1849) (originally in Coronidia) Card
- =Homidiana nicaraguana Westwood, 1879Card
Homidiana evenus Boisduval, 1849
- =Coronis ducatrix Schaufuss, 1870Card
- =Homidia subevenus Strand, 1911Card
Homidiana gueneei (Druce, 1891) (originally in Coronidia) [Type locality Panama, Mexico]) Card
Homidiana hoppi (Bryk, 1930) (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Colombia]Card
Homidiana leachi (Godart, 1819) (originally in Ag[u]arista) [Type locality Brazil] Card
- =Homidiana japet (Blanchard, 1849) (originally in Coronis) [Type locality Brazil] Card
Homidiana lederi Pfeiffer, 1925 [Type locality Macas, Ecuador] Card
Homidiana leucosticta Hampson, 1918 (originally in Coronidia subg. Homidia) [Type locality Peru] Card
Homidiana strandi Pfeiffer, 1916 [Type locality Peru] Card
Homidiana monotona (Hampson, 1918) (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Huaylas, Peru]Card
Homidiana restincta Strand, 1911 [type locality Macas, Ecuador] (originally in Homidia) Card
Homidiana rosina (Felder & Rogenhofer, 1875) (originally in Coronis) [type locality Bogata, Colombia]) Card
- =Coronidia columbiana Westwood, 1879 Card
Homidiana rubrivena (Dognin, 1919) (originally in Coronidia) [type locality Colombia] Card
Homidiana subpicta Walker, 1854as "Coronidia subpicta"[20][21][22][23][24]as "Coronidia subpicta"Card
- =Coronidia biblina Westwood, 1879Card
- =Homidiana echenais Hopffer, 1856[25]Card
- =Coronidia granadina Westwood, 1879Card
Homidiana tangens (Strand, 1911) (originally in Homidia) [Type locality Macas, Ecuador] Card
Homidiana traducta (Strand, 1911) (originally in Homidia) [Type locality 2-3000 m. Chaco, Bolivia] Card
Homidiana westwoodi Oberthür, 1881 (originally in Coronis) [Type locality Manazales, Colombia] Card
Sematura aegisthus Fabricius, 178[Jamaica/Surinam] [26]"Nothus" speciesCard
- =Mania lunigeraria Hübner, 1823 [1825]Card
- =Sematura excavatus Walker, 1854Card
- =Sematura phoebe Guenée, 1857Card
Sematura diana Guenée, 1857 [Rio de Janeiro]Card
Sematura lunus Linnaeus, 1758[27]Card
- =Sematura actaeon Felder & Rogenhofer, 1874Card
- =Mania caudilunaria Hübner, 1823 [1925]Card
Sematura empedocles Cramer, 1782 [Type locality Surinam][28]Card
- =Sematura selene Guenée, 1857Dyer/Gentry/"Sematura luna"[29]Card
- =Mania empedoclaria Hübner, 1823 Card
Anurapteryx beckeri (Druce, 1897) (originally in Coronidia) [Type locality Mexico, near Durangs City] Card
Anurapteryx brueckneri Hering, 1928Card
Anurapteryx crenulata Barnes & Lindsey, 1919 [Type locality Paradise, Arizona] Card Image
Anurapteryx flavidorsata (Hampson, 1918) (originally in Homidia) [no card]
Anurapteryx gephyra Hering, 1928 [Type locality Guatamala] Card
Anurapteryx interlineata (Walker, 1854) [Central and South America, no type locality given] (originally in Coronis)Card
- =Anurapteryx abbreviata (Maassen, 1890) (originally in Coronis) [Type locality Banos, Ecuador, 1800 m.] Card
- =Anurapteryx meticulosa Pief, Ent. Zt. 31:7 (originally in ?(Type locality West Colombia, Rio Aguacabal, 2000 m., by Fassl) Card
Anurapteryx insolita (Strand, 1911) (originally in Homidia) [No type locality] Card
Anurapteryx montana Beutelspacher, 1984 [Type locality Mexico] Card
Anurapteryx ribbei (Druce, 1891) (originally in Coronidia) [Type locality Chiriqui, Panama] Card
Lonchotura fassli Pfeiffer, Ent. Zt. 31:7, Pl. (originally in ?) [Type locality West Colombia, Rio Aguacabal, by Fassl] Card
Lonchotura ocylus (Boisduval, 1870) (originally in Coronis) [Type locality Guatamala] [30]
- =Lonchotura dutreuxi Deyrolle, 1874 (originally in Coronis) [Type locality Costa Rica] Card
- =Lonchotura peruviana Hering, 1928 (originally in ?) [Type locality Chachamayo, Peru]