Wikipedia:Selected anniversaries/July
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| An archive of historical anniversaries that appeared on the Main Page 2007 day arrangement |
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- 251 - The Goths under Cniva defeat the Roman Empire at the Battle of Abrittus and kill both Roman Emperors, Decius and his son and co-emperor Herennius Etruscus.
- 1867 - The Province of Canada, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia united in Confederation. (Flag of Canada pictured)
- 1904 - The first Olympic Games in North America opened in St. Louis, Missouri.
- 1916 - The first day on the Somme, the bloodiest day in the history of the British Army.
- 1991 - The Warsaw Pact was officially dissolved.
- 1997 - The sovereignty of the British crown colony of Hong Kong was transferred to the People's Republic of China, to be governed as a special administrative region under the policy of "One country, two systems".
Recent days: June 30 – June 29 – June 28
- 1644 - The Battle of Marston Moor, one of the decisive encounters of the English Civil War, was fought near York.
- 1839 - 53 African slaves mutinied on the slave ship La Amistad off the coast of Cuba.
- 1900 - First Zeppelin flight on Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen, Germany. (pictured)
- 1937 - Amelia Earhart and navigator Fred Noonan disappeared over the Pacific Ocean.
- 1976 - North and South Vietnam united to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam.
Recent days: July 1 – June 30 – June 29
July 3: Independence Day in Belarus.
- 323 – Roman Emperor Constantine I defeated colleague Licinius in the Battle of Adrianople.
- 987 – Hugh Capet was crowned King of France, becoming the first monarch of the Capetian dynasty, which ruled France until the French Revolution in 1792.
- 1608 – Quebec City was founded by Samuel de Champlain.
- 1863 – Pickett's Charge occurred during the final and bloodiest day of fighting in the Battle of Gettysburg, marking a turning point in the American Civil War.
- 1938 – The LNER Mallard (pictured) reached a speed of 203 km/h (126 mph), a world record for a steam railway locomotive.
- 1988 - United States Navy warship USS Vincennes shot down Iran Air Flight 655 over the Persian Gulf, killing all 290 people aboard.
Recent days: July 2 – July 1 – June 30
July 4: Independence Day in the United States, Filipino-American Friendship Day in the Philippines
- 1187 – Saladin defeated Guy of Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, at the Battle of Hattin and captured the True Cross.
- 1776 – The Continental Congress of the Thirteen Colonies in British North America approved a Declaration of Independence. (Grand Union Flag pictured)
- 1865 – Alice's Adventures in Wonderland by Lewis Carroll was first published.
- 1894 – The Republic of Hawai'i was proclaimed at Ali'iolani Hale in Honolulu, with Sanford B. Dole as the first president.
- 1976 – Operation Yonatan: Israeli commandos raided Uganda's Entebbe International Airport to free hostages taken by PLO and RAF hijackers.
Recent days: July 3 – July 2 – July 1
July 5: Independence Day in Venezuela (1811), Algeria (1962) and Cape Verde (1975); Saints Cyril and Methodius Day in the Czech Republic and Slovakia; Tynwald Day on the Isle of Man.
- 1687 - Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica by Isaac Newton (pictured) was first published.
- 1865 - The world's first maximum speed law was enacted in England.
- 1935 - The National Labor Relations Act, which governs labor relations in the United States, was signed into law by President Franklin D. Roosevelt.
- 1937 - Hormel Foods Corporation introduced the canned meat product Spam.
- 1954 - Elvis Presley makes his first recordings with the song That's All Right.
Recent days: July 4 – July 3 – July 2
July 6: Independence Day in Malawi (1964) and in Comoros (1975), Statehood Day in Lithuania (1253); Jan Hus Day in the Czech Republic; the festival of San Fermín begins in Pamplona, Spain.
- 1887 - King Kalākaua of Hawai'i was forced by armed foreign businessmen to sign the Bayonet Constitution.
- 1885 - Louis Pasteur successfully tested his vaccine against rabies on Joseph Meister.
- 1907 - Frida Kahlo (pictured) Mexican painter, active communist supporter, and wife of Mexican muralist and cubist painter Diego Rivera is born on this day.
- 1942 - Anne Frank and her family went into hiding in the "Secret Annexe" above her father's office in an Amsterdam warehouse.
- 1966 - Malawi became a republic, with Hastings Banda as the first President.
Recent days: July 5 – July 4 – July 3
July 7: Independence Day in the Solomon Islands (1978); Tanabata in Japan; Ivan Kupala Day in Russia and Ukraine.
- 1456 - Joan of Arc was posthumously acquitted of heresy.
- 1846 - American forces led by Commodore John D. Sloat (pictured) occupied Monterey and Yerba Buena, beginning the annexation of California.
- 1937 - The Marco Polo Bridge Incident marked the beginning of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
- 1991 - The Slovenian War formally ended with the signing of the Brioni Agreement.
- 2005 - Four suicide bombers killed 52 people in a series of four explosions in London's public transport system.
Recent days: July 6 – July 5 – July 4
- 1497 - Vasco da Gama set sail on the first direct European voyage to India.
- 1709 - Great Northern War: At Poltava, Ukraine, Peter I of Russia defeated Charles XII of Sweden in the Battle of Poltava, effectively ending Sweden's role as a major power in Europe.
- 1776 - The Liberty Bell (pictured) was rung to summon citizens of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania for the reading of the Declaration of Independence by the Continental Congress.
- 1889 - The first issue of the Wall Street Journal was published.
- 1947 - Newspapers in Roswell, New Mexico reported the capture of a "flying saucer" by the U.S. military.
Recent days: July 7 – July 6 – July 5
July 9: Independence Day in Argentina (1816), National Day of Commemoration in Ireland (2006)
- 1357 - The foundation stone of Charles Bridge in Prague was laid by Holy Roman Emperor Charles IV at 05:31.
- 1816 - The Congress of Tucumán declared the independence of Argentina, then known as the United Provinces of the River Plate, from Spain.
- 1922 - Johnny Weissmuller swam the 100-meter freestyle in 58.6 seconds, breaking a world swimming record and the "minute barrier."
- 1955 - The Russell-Einstein Manifesto was issued in the midst of the Cold War, calling for a conference where scientists would "appraise the perils that have arisen as a result of the development of weapons of mass destruction."
- 2002 - The African Union (emblem pictured) was launched in Durban, South Africa.
Recent days: July 8 – July 7 – July 6
July 10: Independence Day in the Bahamas (1973)
- 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Julius Caesar barely avoided a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in the Battle of Dyrrhachium in Macedonia.
- 1584 - William the Silent (pictured), the Prince of Orange, was assassinated at his home in Delft, Holland by Balthasar Gérard.
- 1925 - Meher Baba began his silence of 44 years. His followers still observe Silence Day on this date in commemoration.
- 1962 - Telstar, the world's first active, direct relay communications satellite, was launched.
- 1985 - Greenpeace vessel Rainbow Warrior was bombed and sunk in New Zealand by French intelligence agents.
Recent days: July 9 – July 8 – July 7
July 11: Naadam in Mongolia begins
- 1302 - Flemish infantry successfully halted a French invasion near Kortrijk in the Battle of the Golden Spurs.
- 1789 - French Revolution: Jacques Necker was dismissed as Director-General of Finances and ordered to leave France at once.
- 1811 - Italian scientist Amedeo Avogadro (pictured) published a hypothesis on the molecular content of gases, now known as Avogadro's law.
- 1957 - Prince Karim El Husseni succeeded Sultan Mahommed Shah as the Aga Khan, becoming the 49th Imam of the Shi'a Ismaili Muslims.
- 1995 - Bosnian Genocide: Bosnian Serb forces under Ratko Mladić began the Srebrenica massacre in Potočari, Srebrenica.
Recent days: July 10 – July 9 – July 8
July 12: The Twelfth, commemoration of the Battle of the Boyne (1690) in Northern Ireland
- 1543 - King Henry VIII of England married Catherine Parr (pictured), his sixth and last wife, at Hampton Court Palace.
- 1580 - Ostrog Bible, the first Bible in Old Church Slavonic, was printed in Ostroh, Ukraine by Ivan Fyodorov.
- 1806 - Sixteen German imperial states left the Holy Roman Empire and formed the Confederation of the Rhine.
- 1862 - The U.S. Army Medal of Honor was first authorized by the U.S. Congress.
- 1975 - São Tomé and Príncipe declared independence from Portugal.
- 1979 - The Gilbert Islands gained independence and became known as Kiribati.
Recent days: July 11 – July 10 – July 9
July 13: Traditional date of the Bon Festival in Japan
- 1772 - HMS Resolution set sail from Plymouth, England, under the command of Captain James Cook.
- 1793 - Jean-Paul Marat (pictured), a leader in the French Revolution, was murdered in his bathtub by Charlotte Corday.
- 1878 - The major powers in Europe redrew the map of the Balkans in the Treaty of Berlin.
- 1923 - The Hollywoodland Sign was officially dedicated in the hills above Hollywood, California. The last four letters of the sign were removed in 1949.
- 1985 - Live Aid benefit concerts, organised by Bob Geldof and Midge Ure to raise funds for famine relief in Ethiopia, were held in London and Philadelphia.
Recent days: July 12 – July 11 – July 10
July 14: Bastille Day in France
- 1789 - French Revolution: Parisians stormed the Bastille (pictured).
- 1798 - The Sedition Act became United States law, making it a federal crime to write, publish, or utter false or malicious statements about the U.S. government.
- 1933 - Gleichschaltung: All political parties in Germany were outlawed, except the National Socialist German Workers Party.
- 1958 - King Faisal II, the last king of Iraq, was overthrown by Abdul Karim Qassim.
- 1965 - Mariner 4 flew past Mars, collecting the first close-up pictures of another planet.
Recent days: July 13 – July 12 – July 11
July 15: 400th anniversary of birth of Dutch painter Rembrandt (pictured)
- 1410 - The Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania defeated the Monastic State of the Teutonic Knights in the Battle of Grunwald.
- 1685 - James Scott, Duke of Monmouth, was executed for his role in the Monmouth Rebellion.
- 1799 - French soldiers uncovered the Rosetta Stone in the Egyptian port city of Rashid.
- 1806 - The Pike expedition, led by Zebulon Pike to explore the Louisiana Territory, began near St. Louis, Missouri.
- 1955 - Eighteen Nobel laureates signed the Mainau Declaration against nuclear weapons.
- 1974 - Archbishop Makarios, President of Cyprus, was overthrown in a coup d'état.
Recent days: July 14 – July 13 – July 12
- 622 – Beginning of the Islamic calendar.
- 1918 – Russian Revolution: Bolsheviks executed Tsar Nicholas II of Russia and his family at Ekaterinburg.
- 1945 – Manhattan Project: "Trinity", the first nuclear test explosion, was detonated near Alamogordo, New Mexico, United States. (pictured)
- 1979 – Saddam Hussein took over as President of Iraq, succeeding Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr.
- 1994 – The planet Jupiter was hit by fragments of the Shoemaker-Levy 9 comet.
Recent days: July 15 – July 14 – July 13
July 17: Constitution Day in South Korea (1948), Marine Day in Japan (2006)
- 1815 - Napoleonic Wars: Napoléon (pictured) surrendered to British forces at Rochefort, France, ending the Hundred Days.
- 1936 - Nationalist rebels in Spain attempted a coup d'etat against the Second Spanish Republic, commencing the Spanish Civil War.
- 1945 - Winston Churchill, Joseph Stalin and Harry S. Truman met at the Potsdam Conference to decide how to administer post-World War II Germany.
- 1975 - History of East Timor: East Timor was annexed and became the 27th province of Indonesia.
- 1998 - Biologists reported in the scientific journal Science how they sequenced the genome of Treponema pallidum, the bacterium that causes syphilis.
Recent days: July 16 – July 15 – July 14
- 64 - The Great Fire of Rome burned completely out of control, while Roman Emperor Nero reportedly played his lyre and sang as he watched the blaze from a safe distance.
- 1863 - American Civil War: The first formal African American military unit, the 54th Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, saw action against the Confederacy's Fort Wagner.
- 1925 - Adolf Hitler published his personal manifesto Mein Kampf.
- 1944 - General Hideki Tojo (pictured) was forced to resign as Prime Minister of Japan after a series of setbacks towards the end of World War II.
- 1982 - The Guatemalan army and allied paramilitaries slaughtered upwards of 250 Maya campesinos in the Plan de Sánchez massacre.
Recent days: July 17 – July 16 – July 15
July 19: President's Day in Botswana
- 711 – Roderic and the Visigoths in Iberia were defeated in the Battle of Guadalete by Moorish Umayyad invaders led by Tariq ibn-Ziyad.
- 1553 – Lady Jane Grey was replaced by Mary I of England (pictured) as Queen of England after holding that title for just nine days.
- 1848 – The two-day Women's Rights Convention opened in Seneca Falls, New York, United States.
- 1870 – France declared war on Prussia, starting the Franco-Prussian War.
- 1947 – Burmese nationalist Aung San was assassinated.
- 1979 – Sandinista rebels overthrew the US-backed government of the Somoza family in Nicaragua.
Recent days: July 18 – July 17 – July 16
July 20: Independence Day in Colombia (1810); Friends' Day in Argentina and other Latin American countries.
- 1402 - Forces under Timur defeated the Ottomans in the Battle of Ankara and captured Sultan Bayezid I.
- 1866 - The Austrian Navy led by Wilhelm von Tegetthoff defeated a much larger Italian fleet in the Battle of Lissa.
- 1944 - Claus von Stauffenberg and others in the German Resistance attempted to assassinate Adolf Hitler.
- 1969 - The Apollo 11 lunar module landed on the Sea of Tranquillity, where Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin (pictured) would become the first men to walk on the moon six and a half hours later.
- 1976 - The Viking 1 spacecraft landed on Mars.
Recent days: July 19 – July 18 – July 17
July 21: National holiday of Belgium
- 1298 - English and Irish forces led by Edward Longshanks defeated William Wallace's Scottish troops at the Battle of Falkirk.
- 1831 - In Brussels, Leopold I (pictured) was inaugurated as the first King of the Belgians.
- 1861 - The First Battle of Bull Run, the first major battle in the American Civil War, began.
- 1954 - First Indochina War: The Vietnamese Demilitarized Zone was established at the Geneva Conference, partitioning Vietnam along the 17th parallel into North Vietnam led by Ho Chi Minh and South Vietnam under Emperor Bảo Đại.
- 1970 - The Aswan High Dam in Egypt was completed after 11 years of construction.
Recent days: July 20 – July 19 – July 18
July 22: Pi Approximation Day; Feast day of Mary Magdalene.
- 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon was elected the first Protector of the Holy Sepulchre in the Kingdom of Jerusalem.
- 1456 - Forces under John Hunyadi (pictured) lifted the Siege of Belgrade and defeated an Ottoman invasion into the Kingdom of Hungary.
- 1933 - Wiley Post became the first pilot to fly a fixed-wing aircraft solo around the world.
- 1946 - An Irgun bomb destroyed the headquarters of the British Mandate of Palestine at the King David Hotel in Jerusalem, killing 90.
- 2003 - Coalition forces attacked a compound in Mosul, Iraq, killing two of Saddam Hussein's sons, Uday and Qusay, the "aces of hearts and clubs" on the U.S. list of most-wanted Iraqis after the invasion of Iraq.
Recent days: July 21 – July 20 – July 19
July 23: Parents' Day in the United States (2006), Revolution Day in Egypt.
- 1881 - The International Federation of Gymnastics, the world's oldest international sport federation, was founded in Liège, Belgium.
- 1952 - King Farouk of Egypt was forced to abdicate by army officers in the Free Officers Movement.
- 1967 - The 12th Street Riot began in the predominantly black inner-city area of Detroit, Michigan, United States.
- 1970 - Qaboos (pictured) overthrew his father Said bin Taimur to become Sultan of Oman.
- 1986 - Sarah Ferguson married Prince Andrew at Westminster Abbey, joining the British Royal Family as the Duchess of York.
- 2001 - Megawati Sukarnoputri became the first female president of Indonesia.
Recent days: July 22 – July 21 – July 20
July 24: Pioneer Day in Utah, Simón Bolívar Day in Ecuador and Venezuela.
- 1847 - Brigham Young led the first group of Mormon pioneers into Salt Lake Valley, at the time a part of Mexico.
- 1911 - In the Peruvian Andes, Hiram Bingham re-discovered Machu Picchu (pictured), then thought to be the "Lost City of the Incas".
- 1927 - The Menin Gate war memorial in Ypres, Belgium was unveiled.
- 1943 - World War II: RAF Bomber Command started Operation Gomorrah, the strategic bombing of Hamburg, Germany.
- 2001 - Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, the last Tsar of Bulgaria when he was a child, was sworn in as Prime Minister of Bulgaria, becoming the only monarch in history to regain political power through democratic election to a different office.
Recent days: July 23 – July 22 – July 21
July 25: Constitution Day in Puerto Rico; Galicia Day in Galicia, Spain; Feast day of Saint James the Great.
- 306 - Constantine I was proclaimed Roman emperor by his troops.
- 1261 - The Latin Empire ended when Michael VIII Palaeologus and his Nicaean forces captured Constantinople to re-establish the Byzantine Empire.
- 1909 - French aviator Louis Blériot (pictured) made the first crossing of the English Channel in a heavier-than-air flying machine.
- 1978 - Louise Brown, the world's first test-tube baby, was born in Oldham, England.
- 2000 - Air France Concorde Flight 4590 crashed after takeoff in Paris, killing 113 people.
Recent days: July 24 – July 23 – July 22
July 26: Independence Day in Liberia (1847) and Maldives (1965)
- 811 - Bulgarian forces led by Krum defeated a Byzantine invasion in the Battle of Pliska, killed Byzantine Emperor Nikephoros I and severely wounded his son and co-emperor Staurakios.
- 1139 - After a victory over the Almoravid Moors in the Battle of Ourique, Afonso the Conqueror (pictured) was proclaimed the first king of an independent Portugal.
- 1822 - José de San Martín met with Simón Bolívar in Guayaquil to plan for the future of South America.
- 1887 - L. L. Zamenhof published Unua Libro, the first publication to describe Esperanto, a constructed international language.
- 1953 - Fidel Castro led an unsuccessful attack on the Moncada Barracks, thus beginning the Cuban Revolution.
Recent days: July 25 – July 24 – July 23
July 27: José Celso Barbosa Day in Puerto Rico.
- 1214 - Philip II of France (pictured) decisively won the Battle of Bouvines and took undisputed control of the territories of Anjou, Brittany, Maine, Normandy and the Touraine.
- 1865 - A group of Welsh settlers arrived at Chubut Valley in Argentina's Patagonia region.
- 1921 - University of Toronto researchers led by Frederick Banting announced the discovery of the hormone insulin.
- 1953 - A cease-fire was established in the Korean War.
- 1996 - Centennial Olympic Park bombing: A pipe bomb exploded during the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Georgia, United States, killing two and injuring 111.
Recent days: July 26 – July 25 – July 24
July 28: Independence Day in Peru (1821)
- 1794 - Reign of Terror leader Maximilien Robespierre (pictured) was guillotined.
- 1914 - Austria-Hungary declared war on Serbia, starting World War I.
- 1976 - The Tangshan earthquake measuring between 7.8 and 8.2 magnitude flattened Tangshan, China, killing 242,769 and injuring 164,851.
- 1990 - Alberto Fujimori, the first person of Japanese descent elected as an executive head of state of a Latin American nation, took office as President of Peru.
- 1996 - The remains of the prehistoric Kennewick Man were discovered.
Recent days: July 27 – July 26 – July 25
July 29: Ólavsøka in the Faroe Islands; National Anthem Day in Romania.
- 1030 - King Olaf II (pictured) fought and died in the Battle of Stiklestad, trying to regain his Norwegian throne from the Danes.
- 1900 - Italian American anarchist Gaetano Bresci assassinated King Umberto I of Italy.
- 1947 - ENIAC, the world's first general-purpose electronic digital computer, was turned on in its new home at the Ballistics Research Laboratory at Aberdeen Proving Grounds; it remained in continuous operation until October 2, 1955.
- 1954 - The Fellowship of the Ring, the first part of The Lord of the Rings by J.R.R. Tolkien, was published in the United Kingdom.
- 1957 - The International Atomic Energy Agency was established.
Recent days: July 28 – July 27 – July 26
July 30: Independence Day in Vanuatu (1980)
- 1419 - Hussite Wars: Jan Žižka and others threw several town councillors out the window at the First Defenestrations of Prague.
- 1619 - The first representative assembly in the Americas, Virginia's House of Burgesses, convened for the first time.
- 1756 - Bartolomeo Rastrelli presented the Catherine Palace, a Baroque palace in Tsarskoye Selo, to Empress Elizabeth of Russia.
- 1825 - Malden Island (pictured), now one of Kiribati's Line Islands, was discovered in the Pacific Ocean.
- 1930 - Uruguay won the first Football World Cup in front of their home crowd at Estadio Centenario in Montevideo, beating Argentina 4 to 2.
Recent days: July 29 – July 28 – July 27
July 31: Qi Xi in the Chinese lunar calendar (2006), Ka Hae Hawai‘i Day in Hawai'i, feast day of Saint Ignatius of Loyola.
- 1667 - The signing of the Treaty of Breda ended the Second Anglo-Dutch War.
- 1777 - French nobleman Marquis de Lafayette entered the American revolutionary forces as a Major General.
- 1917 - World War I: The Battle of Passchendaele began in West Flanders, Belgium.
- 1941 - Holocaust: Hermann Göring ordered SS general Reinhard Heydrich to develop a "final solution to the Jewish question".
- 1971 - Apollo program: The first Lunar Rover (pictured) was used during the Apollo 15 mission to the moon.
Recent days: July 30 – July 29 – July 28
