Second Taranaki War
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The Second Taranaki War is the name of a series of conflicts between the Māori and European settlers in the Taranaki province of New Zealand between 1864 and 1866. Some historians feel that the these conflicts should not be described as a war, as they cannot be separated from other incidents happening in the North Island at around the same time. However, the name distinguishes between the conflict described here and the First Taranaki War and from the separate but related fighting that was happening at the same time, e.g. the Tauranga Campaign.
The Pākehā Invasion of the Waikato in 1863 lead almost inevitably to the Tauranga Campaign. Neither of these conflicts finished cleanly but in their turn also sparked a series of Pākehā/Māori incidents in other parts of the island. However, the conflict in Taranaki also had its roots in the First Taranaki War. This war had ended in an uneasy truce when the two sides had fought each other to a standstill and neither side could see any point in continuing to fight. However neither side bothered to fulfill any of the terms of the truce; many of the issues were left unresolved, and, almost inevitably, the scene was set for another round of fighting.
The truce that ended the first war did no more than reduce the scale of fighting. The Māori continued to attack and kill settlers while the Army and the Settler Militia continued their raids on Māori villages and Pā.
However from about 1862 a new factor entered the equation: the growth of the Pai Marire or Hau Hau Movement. The Pai Marire began as a religious movement, a combination of traditional Māori beliefs with Christianity; originally pacifist in outlook, it was mutated by the times and when, in 1864, it reached Southern Taranaki it had become both violent and vehemently anti-Pākehā.
The Colonial Government did a lot to provoke this mutation. The relative success of the Waikato War had given them the strength to confiscate vast area of Māori land, not merely from the belligerent tribe but also from neutral and even friendly tribes. Naturally, this stirred up enormous antagonism and contributed directly to another eight years of intermittent conflict.
| New Zealand land wars |
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| Wairau Affray - Flagstaff War - Hutt Valley Campaign - Wanganui Campaign - First Taranaki War - Invasion of the Waikato - Tauranga Campaign - Second Taranaki War - East Cape War - Te Kooti's War - Titokowaru's War |
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[edit] Ambush
April 6, 1864, a few kilometres south of New Plymouth. A party of militia and settlers had spent the morning destroying Māori crops, as part of a scorched-earth policy to force the Māori to retreat by denying them food. While they were resting from their labours, apparently without lookouts, the owners of the crops crept up behind them and opened fire, killing seven and wounding twelve.
[edit] Sentry Hill
April 30, 1864: This battle was in many ways a complete reversal of the usual scenario in British-Māori warfare. Seventy British and Settler troops were secure in a well built redoubt; the Māori were attacking across open country into the killing ground. They even fired their guns in advance to give any neutral Māori a chance to get out of the way but it also warned the British defenders. In a few moments fifty Māori were killed and as many wounded. The British lost one soldier killed and no other casualties.
Pai Marire faith was the reason for this fiasco. The Hau Hau warriors apparently believed that if their faith was strong enough the Pākehā bullets would be diverted harmlessly away from them.
[edit] Moutoa Island
May 14, 1864: This battle involved two Māori tribes fighting each other but none the less was very much a part of the Māori-Pākehā Wars.
The town of Wanganui was by now a prosperous settlement which was essential to the economy of the Māori tribes living on the lower reaches of the Wanganui River around the town. When the tribes on the upper reaches of the river converted to Hau Hauism they decided to burn the town and drive the Pākehā into the sea. The tribes along the lower river made it clear they were not having this and would oppose the Hau Hau war party.
Interestingly, they reverted to traditional Māori warfare practices, a formal battle at a pre-arranged place and time: Moutoa Island on the Wanganui River. One hundred of the defenders arrived first and took up position across the island. Then 120 Hau Hau warriors crossed and landed on the north end of the Island. The ceremonial haka, challenge and response, were then performed. Still believing they were invulnerable the Hau Hau then advanced onto the defenders guns. When the smoke cleared two thirds of them were dead or wounded including their prophet and the rest were in retreat.
Wanganui was saved and the grateful townsfolk erected a monument to the fifteen Māori who had been killed defending them.
These incidents achieved very little but they made everyone realise that Taranaki was still a theatre of war. Early in 1865 the colonial government started moving troop into the Wanganui region with a view to pacifying the Southern Taranaki region. In the last week of January General Cameron and 1200 men marched some twenty km north from Wanganui and set up camp. Here they were attacked by a force of possibly 400 Māori on two successive days. Although the British defended themselves effectively they suffered almost sixty casualties. General Cameron was also disturbed by the apparent change in Māori tactics. He ordered a retreat to a more defensible situation and awaited the arrival of reinforcements.
[edit] Weraroa Pa
20 July-21 July 1865: This move forced wide open the differences between the Colonial Government led by Sir George Grey and the Imperial troops led by General Cameron. Grey ordered the army to advance and attack a major Māori Pa at Weraroa. After his experiences with Pateragi Pā (Invasion of the Waikato) and Gate Pā, (Tauranga Campaign) Cameron was not having this; he knew that such an attack would be extremely costly and also achieve very little in that he did not have the resources to prevent the majority of the Māori from escaping. In early February Cameron resigned, he took no further part in the fighting and returned to Auckland in August of that year. However his influence prevailed and the troops advanced extremely slowly, taking two months to cover sixty miles, (one hundred kilometers). They were attacked once more by a force of Hau Hau, at Te Ngaio, but were better prepared and inflicted heavy casualties. Despite this the Government was unable to persuade them to leave their base on the coast and attack the Māori inland.
In late July a group of colonial militia attacked and captured a small Māori village behind Weraroa Pa. Since it was by now obvious that the Imperial troops were not going to attack the Pā itself, it had lost its strategic significance and the Māori abandoned it. Despite this it was reported as a great victory for Grey and the Colonial forces and this widened even further the rift between Grey and British Imperial Troops. In essence, the troops were very reluctant to be used as the tools to confiscate Māori land. In this they were supported by the Imperial Government in London who maintained that the troops role was peace keeping not conquest.
The attack on Weraroa Pā is quite significant in terms of New Zealand history. The initiative for the attack came from members of the Ngātihau tribe, (not to be confused with the Hau Hau Movement). Ngātihau were the tribe who had successfully defended Wanganui from a Hau Hau war party the previous year. The Hau Hau Pā at Weraroa was seen as an encroachment upon their territory and mana. They wanted to destroy it. Governor Grey said no but they went ahead anyway. Grey hurried down to Wanganui and did everything he could to organize and ensure the success of the attack. A combined force of Māori and Pākehā were assembled, 450 men fighting as allies. Major Rookes was in overall command but the effective leadership was provided by Captain Thomas McDonnell and Kepa Te Rangihiwinui. Due to a combination of circumstances complete surprise was achieved and the village was captured without any casualties. The Hau Hau then abandoned the Pā without a fight.
This successful cooperation between friendly Māori and Colonial Militia, sometimes as allies, sometimes as an integrated force and sometimes independently continued and developed during the remaining years of the conflict. At the time they were sometimes called Kupapa, a term meaning “to be neutral in a quarrel” but the word is seldom used these days. Unfortunately, in contemporary history, the important role of the Māori allies in securing the supremacy of the colonial government is often ignored.
Thomas McDonnell and Kepa te Rangihiwinui, later known as Major Kepa for that is the rank he achieved in the Armed Constabulary were to prove a formidable combination. McDonnell had originally been a sheep farmer in Hawkes Bay while Kepa was the fighting chief, warlord, of the Wanganui Māori. For the next five years they fought together in almost every theatre of the New Zealand Wars. Shortly after the events being described here they were together shipped off to the other side of the country to deal with the insurgency following the Volkner Incident. During Te Kooti's War McDonnell was at one stage appointed commander of all the New Zealand forces in the field. Even with overwhelming superiority he refused to start fighting until Kepa had arrived with his men.
[edit] The Siege of Pipiriki
19 July-30 July 1865: Meanwhile on the other side of Wanganui a force of about 1000 Hau Hau warriors were attacking a force of 200 colonial militia led by Captain Brassey at Pipiriki. This was a very strange affair as the attacking Hau Hau appeared to have lost or abandoned all their military skill and wisdom. The defenders were spread between three redoubts, they were short of ammunition, and they had no internal water supply. The Hau Hau quickly captured a hill top overlooking the principal redoubt from which they could accurately fire down upon the defenders. However they were easily driven from the hill top, after which they established a perimeter surrounding the four positions, at a range of about five hundred meters, allowing the defenders access to water, and the ability to move men between the different positions as needed. After eleven days, when relief forces arrived, the defenders were short of food but otherwise in good spirits. They had suffered only two wounded and no deaths.
The potential had been there for a major defeat for the Colonial forces. However, to quote Maxwell:
“At Pipiriki, Hau Hauism revealed itself for what it had become – a regressive cult, dysfunctional and malevolent. The cult inspired its devotees to pray for results its leaders made no rational plans to achieve”
The Hau Hau leadership was not always so ineffective, however.
[edit] Search and destroy
There was a lull in the fighting for a few months. During this time, Major General Chute took command of the British forces, and they once more began to play an active role in the conflict. On 3 January 1866 a combined force of Imperial Troops, Colonial Militia and Māori Allies marched out of Wanganui following the route taken by Cameron a year earlier but much more aggressively. By 15 January they had destroyed three Hau Hau settlements. As they continued their march through southern Taranaki they burnt every Māori village they came to, destroyed the crops and killed anyone who resisted.
The expedition then took a bizarre turn. Taranaki Province is shaped like a large triangle sticking westwards from the body of the North Island. New Plymouth is at the northern end of the base of the triangle and Wanganui at the southern end. Most of the area of this triangle is filled with a bloody great mountain, Mt Taranaki, or Egmont. Until this time all travel between the two settlements had been by sea. No Pākehā had ever traversed the base of the triangle.
This is what Chute set out to do: force a way across country from Southern Taranaki to the New Plymouth area. The weather was good, the distance was known to be only about sixty miles (100 km), and they were well equipped. Even their food supplies, enough for two and half days, seemed adequate. It wasn't. The weather turned bad and the country turned out to be extremely difficult, with steep slippery gullies and thick bush. The force ate their horses and then starved, until a relief expedition from New Plymouth met them with supplies. General Chute very nearly became one of the few army commanders who managed to lose an army without any assistance from the enemy.
Nonetheless, this was hailed as a great triumph, largely because of the contrast with General Cameron's caution the previous year. In truth the experience tended to vindicate Cameron: a large army was unlikely to operate successfully in the New Zealand bush.
This was the last active role the Imperial Army played in the New Zealand Wars. Within a few months the regiments had been withdrawn. However, many of the men chose to take their discharge in New Zealand and become settlers, or members of the Colonial Militia, the new New Zealand Army.
[edit] More search and destroy
June to November 1866: Major McDonnell was placed in command of the New Zealand forces in the area, both Māori and Pākehā. They reoccupied the redoubts built by Cameron the previous year, and from these bases began systematically scouring the bush. This meant approaching Hau Hau villages, staging surprise attacks, killing of everyone who resisted, burning the houses and destroying the food supplies. The tribes either surrendered or withdrew towards the mountain. By October the men were sick of their task and McDonnell was being called to account for some of the atrocities committed. The fighting officially ended in November although it was hard to describe what replaced it as peace.
This was the end of the Second Taranaki War. The Third Taranaki War began two years later, and is generally known as Titokowaru's War.
[edit] A Twenty-first century postscript
The outcome of these conflicts was series of profound injustices to the Taranaki tribes, particularly the confiscation of huge areas of land. This has been the subject of much debate and litigation in present times. Since 2001, the New Zealand government has negotiated settlements with four of the eight Taranaki tribes, paying tens of millions of dollars in compensation for the confiscated lands, and apologising for the actions of the government of that day.
[edit] See also
[edit] Further reading
- Belich, James (1988). The New Zealand wars. Penguin.
- Belich, James (1996) Making peoples. Penguin Press.
- Binney, Judith (1995). Redemption songs: A life of Te Kooti Arikirangi Te Turuki. Auckland: Auckland University Press.
- Cowan, J., & Hasselberg, P. D. (1983) The New Zealand wars. New Zealand Government Printer. (Originally published 1922)
- Maxwell, Peter (2000). Frontier, the battle for the North Island of New Zealand. Celebrity Books.
- Simpson, Tony (1979). Te Riri Pakeha. Hodder and Stoughton.
- Sinclair, Keith (ed.) (1996). The Oxford illustrated history of New Zealand (2nd ed.) Wellington: Oxford University Press.
- Stowers, Richard (1996). Forest rangers. Richard Stowers.
- Vaggioli, Dom Felici (2000). History of New Zealand and its inhabitants, Trans. J. Crockett. Dunedin: University of Otago Press. Original Italian publication, 1896.
- "The people of many peaks: The Māori biographies". (1990). From The dictionary of New Zealand biographies, Vol. 1, 1769-1869. Bridget Williams Books and Department of Internal Affairs, New Zealand.
