Sardinella tawilis

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Freshwater sardinella

Sardinella tawilis being sold in a market.

Conservation status

Vulnerable (IUCN)

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Actinopterygii
Order:	Clupeiformes
Family:	Clupeidae
Genus:	Sardinella
Species:	S. tawilis

Binomial name

Sardinella tawilis
Herre, 1847

The freshwater sardinella (Sardinella tawilis) is a freshwater sardine found exclusively in the Philippines. It is unique in that it is the only member of the family Clupeidae that is known to exist entirely in freshwater. Locally, they are known as tawilis.

1 Anatomy and Morphology
2 Range and Distribution
3 Ecology
4 Etymology and Taxonomic History
5 Importance to Humans
6 Conservation
7 Bibliography
8 References

[edit] Anatomy and Morphology

S. tawilis are small fish reaching up to 15 cm and weighing less than 30 g. Like other members of their family, they have laterally compressed bodies with bellies covered in tough scale-like scutes. They have a single, triangular dorsal fin and a forked caudal fin. They possess long, slender gill rakers in their mouths.

[edit] Range and Distribution

Tawilis populations are found only in a single lake on the island of Luzon in the Philippines. Taal Lake, a large body of water in the province of Batangas that used to be the caldera of an ancient volcano. [1] Before recent history, the lake was but an extension of the entirely-marine Balayan Bay. A major eruption in the 16th century essentially sealed the lake from the sea, eventually leading to its waters becoming non-saline. Sardinella tawilis is believed to be one of a few formerly-marine species trapped within the lake that have evolved into purely freshwater species.

[edit] Ecology

S. tawilis, like members of its family, are epipelagic filter feeders, using their gill rakers to strain plankton from the water while they swim with their mouths open. They roam the lake in large schools, just below the surface as the volcanic (and thus sedimentary) nature of the lake limits their plankton food to the surface.

Little is known about their reproduction. [2]

[edit] Etymology and Taxonomic History

Sardinella is straightforwardly derived from the Greek "sarda", literally "sardine".

The species was originally described as Harengula tawilis by Herre in 1927. The species was later moved to the more appropriate and taxonomically accurate genus, Sardinella.

[edit] Importance to Humans

Bins of S. tawilis for sale at a Metro Manila supermarket in the Philippines.

Despite its threatened status [3], tawilis stocks in Lake Taal have been commercially fished for several decades. The fish is a widely-popular food fish in the Philippines, and tons are shipped to most of the major cities in the country. Local supermarkets and wet markets usually have a tray or pile dedicated solely to the species.

The species is commonly referred to as "tawilis" in the local language of Filipino. On the island of Cebu, one of the many places where tawilis is shipped, the native Cebuano name for the fish is "tunsoy".

In addition to raw consumption, tawilis are also processed into various food products. Tawilis is one of the many fish species dried, salted and sold as "daing" in the country. They are also smoked and bottled in oil, and sold commercially.

[edit] Conservation

Because of several factors, the species is threatened by overfishing. As with all species consisting of a single population in one location, a local extinction event will most probably lead to species extinction. As the population of the Philippines grows, there will be greater demand for tawilis, possibly overfishing the lake's stock population.