Sankey Canal
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The Sankey Canal, also known as the Sankey Brook Navigation and St Helens Canal, is a canal in Lancashire, in the northwest of England - connecting St Helens with the River Mersey. It is now disused, but there are plans for restoration.
When opened in 1757, it ran from the mouth of Sankey Brook at the River Mersey along the valley of the Sankey Brook, ending North West of St Helens. Later extensions were made at the Mersey end, firstly to Fiddlers Ferry, then to Widnes, and at the northern end, where it was extended into what became the centre of St.Helens.
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[edit] Significance
Previous navigations had, in the main, simply improved the depth of rivers, and/or used short artificial "cuts" to join long navigable stretches, or had connected nearby stretches of different rivers. The name of the waterway shows that it was promoted as a continuation of this tradition, an undertaking to make navigable the Sankey Brook.
However, the Sankey Brook has such a tortuous course that it is thought unlikely that the promoters seriously intended to make it navigable. Clauses in the Act allowed for such cuts and diversions as the builders thought necessary to accomplish their aim. What they actually built was a completely separate channel, away from the Brook itself. In doing so they constructed the first wholly artificial modern canal built in England, the first of the Industrial Revolution, and open two years before Act was passed for the building of the Bridgewater Canal, which is often creditted with that distinction.
It has always been assumed that it was the single long artificial cut of the Sankey Brook Navigation that inspired Brindley to appreciate the potential for the Bridgewater Canal, the success of which instigated the Canal Mania of the late 18th Century.
[edit] History
The canal was built principally to transport coal from the Lancashire Coalfield mines to the growing chemical industries of Liverpool, though iron ore and corn were also important commodities. These industries rapidly expanded, and spread back along the line of the Canal to St Helens, Earlestown, and Widnes, which were small villages until this period. The Sankey can thus be credited with the industrial growth of the region.
The line of the canal was surveyed by Henry Berry (Liverpool’s Second Dock Engineer) and William Taylor, the former being appointed Engineer for the navigation. With Thomas Steers, Liverpool’s First Dock Engineer, Berry had a part in building the earlier Newry Canal in Northern Ireland.
The Act of Parliament authorizing the construction of the navigation was passed on 20 March 1755, entitled An Act for making navigable the River or Brook called Sankey Brook, and Three several Branches thereof from the River Mersey below Sankey Bridges, up to Boardman's Stone Bridge on the South Branch, to Gerrard's Bridge on the Middle Branch, and to Penny Bridge on the North Branch, all in the county palatine of Lancaster. The canal was open and carrying coal by 1757: carriage of all goods was charged at 10d (ten old pence – approximately £0.042) per ton.
As the title of the Act states, in addition to the mainline between the Mersey and St Helens, there were three branches to nearby collieries: the South Branch to Boardman's Stone Bridge, near St Helens; the Middle Branch to Gerrard's Bridge; and the North Branch to Penny Bridge.
A second Act of Parliament was obtained on 8 April 1762, amending the earlier act, entitled, An Act to amend and render more effectual, an Act made in the Twenty-eighth Year of the Reign of his late Majesty King George the Second, for making navigable Sankey Brook, in the county of Lancaster, and for the extending and improving the said Navigation. This authorised the extension of the navigation to Fiddler's Ferry on the River Mersey, and to take an additional toll of two-pence per ton, making the rate one shilling (£0.05) per ton. The line of this extension was surveyed by John Eyes.
An early trial of steam power took place on 16 June 1797, when, according to the Billing's Liverpool Advertiser, dated the 26th, John Smith's "vessel heavily laden with copper slag, passed along the Sankey Canal ... by the application of steam only ... it appears, that the vessel after a course of ten miles, returned the same eveningto St Helen's whence it had set out". This boat was powered by a Newcomen engine working a paddle crankshaft through a beam and connecting rod.
to counter competition from the new railways, a further extension of the canal from Fiddler's Ferry across Cuerdley and Widnes Salt Marshes to Widnes Wharf, West Bank, near Runcorn Gap, making an alternative connection with the Mersey with another basin. This was authorised by a third Act of Parliament, granted on 29 May 1830, entitled An Act to consolidate and amend the Acts relating to the Sankey Brook Navigation, in the county of Lancaster; and to make a New Canal from the said Navigation at Fidler's Ferry, to communicate with the River Mersey at Widness Wharf, near West Bank, in the township of Widness, in the said county,' repeals the former acts of the 28th George II. and 2nd George III. and incorporates the proprietors under the title of "The Company of Proprietors of the Sankey Brook Navigation." Francis Giles was appointed Engineer for this extension, which opened in 1833. In 1825 Giles had proposed a linking of the the Sankey,via an aqueduct across the Mersey, with the Bridgewater Canal and the Mersey and Irwell Navigation. He was a pupil of John Rennie and involved in many canal projects of the period.
The Sankey was built for Mersey Flats, the common sailing craft of the local rivers - the River Mersey, River Irwell, and River Weaver - and the Lancashire and North Wales coasts. To allow for the masts of the flats, all the roads in the Canal’s path had to cross it on swing bridges. When the railways were built, they too had to cross in similar fashion. The exception was at Earlestown, where Stephenson erected his massive Viaduct for the country’s first passenger railway from Liverpool to Manchester, leaving 70 foot headroom for the flats’ sails. It is unclear exactly how the flats' masts were accommodated at Great Sankey, where the Liverpool-Warrington-Manchester line built by the Cheshire Lines Committee in 1873 crosses the Sankey on a 12-arch viaduct less than twenty foot above the water level of the canal.
[edit] Structures
England's first staircase (double) lock was built on the Sankey Canal and a second set was built later when the Ravenhead Branch was built in 1775. They are known respectively as the Old Double Lock and the New Double Lock. The latter was restored by St. Helens Borough Council in 1992, although it has no navigable waterway either above or below it.
[edit] Operation
Built primarily to take coal from Haydock and Parr down to the Mersey and so on to the saltfields of Cheshire and Liverpool, the final traffic on the Sankey was very different, and in the opposite direction - raw sugar for the Sankey Sugar Works at Earlestown, from Liverpool.
The Sankey’s immediate commercial success, followed soon after by that of the Bridgewater Canal, led to a mania of canal building, and for further extension schemes for the Sankey. Francis Giles' proposals are mentioned above, and another would have linked it to the Leeds and Liverpool Canal near Leigh, to the North-East. Apart from the early extensions to Fiddlers Ferry from Sankey Bridges, for better locking into the River, and in 1775 to St Helens, the only major change came with the extension to Widnes detailed above.
In 1845 the St Helens and Runcorn Gap Railway Company and the then more prosperous Canal Company merged to form the St Helens Canal and Railway Company. Its 'official' name changed to the St Helens Canal sometime later. The Sankey Canal Restoration Society has been attempting to rehabilitate its earlier title.
[edit] Decline
The ending of the sugar traffic in 1959 led to the closure of the Canal in 1963. North of the Sugar Works, closure had taken place in 1931, and fixed bridges quickly replaced the old wooden swing bridges. The Canal, however, remains largely in water right up into the centre of St Helens, although its terminus had been truncated in 1898, when Canal Street was built over it.
[edit] Restoration?
Most of the Canal is still in water and much has been restored to navigable standard, with short sections at Fiddlers Ferry, Warrington, and Spike Island, Widnes having locks into the Mersey which allow craft access to the canal for mooring. However, fixed bridges which replaced the original wooden swing bridges and other obstructions mean they are isolated from one another. The route of the canal passes through the Sankey Valley Park. There are plans to restore the canal, and to extend it to join the main canal system via the Leeds and Liverpool Canal. The total cost of this would be in excess of £100m and it is therefore a long-term project. There are, however, plans to dig out an infilled section in the centre of St. Helens as part of the town's Eastside Development, and the Widnes Waterfront development and the proposed new Mersey crossing between Widnes and Runcorn are expected to lead to further restoration at Widnes.
