Rulers of Transylvania
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List of rulers of Transylvania, from the first mention of a ruler in the tenth century, until 1867.
[edit] Notes
Between the 11th and 16th century, Transylvania was a largely autonomous Voivodate inside the Kingdom of Hungary. This situation lasted until 1541, when Ottomans conquered central Hungary. Transylvania became a de facto independent Principality under the Ottomans suzerainty in 1571. After its inclusion into the Habsburg Monarchy, the Austrian Emperors continued to use the title of “Prince of Transylvania” as part of their official title, but the territory had an appointed governor. In 1765 Transylvania was elevated to Grand Principality.
| Affiliation | Ruler | Years | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| ? | Gelou | ? – 904 | "Gelou Dux Ultrasilvanus" |
| ? | Tuhutum | 904 - ? | |
| ? | Prokuj(Gyula) | ? – 1003 | Ruler of the upper Tisza region and northern Transylvania. Defeated by Stephen I of Hungary c. 1003 |
| ? | Kean | ? | voivode of the southern Transylvanian bolgars. Defeated by Stephen I of Hungary c. 1003-1015 |
| Part of the christian Kingdom of Hungary | |||
| Arpads | St. Stephen (Szent István) | 997–1038 | son of Géza, first king of Hungary (1001) |
| dynastic struggle 1038–1046 | |||
| Orseolo | Peter Urseolo (Orseolo Péter) | 1038-1041, 1044–1046 | (Géza's grandson) |
| Aba | Sámuel Aba | 1041–1044 | (Husband of Géza's daughter) |
| Vatha pagan rising 1046-1047 | |||
| Arpads | Andrew I (András / Endre) | 1047–1061 | Árpád dynasty restored |
| Arpads | Béla I (Béla) | 1061–1063 | |
| Arpads | Solomon (Salamon) | 1063–1074 | |
| Arpads | Géza I | 1074–1077 | |
| Arpads | St. Ladislaus (László) | 1077–1095 | All Ladislaus' are spelled with "laus" as in 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica, see talk page |
| Arpads | Coloman (Kálmán) | 1095–1116 | King of Hungary, & Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia |
| Arpads | Stephen II | 1114–1131 | |
| Arpads | Béla II | 1131–1141 | |
| Arpads | Géza II | 1141–1161 | |
| Arpads | Stephen III | 1161–1162 | |
| Arpads | Ladislaus II | 1162–1163 | |
| Arpads | Stephen IV | 1163 | |
| Arpads | Stephen III, restored | 1163–1172 | |
| Arpads | Béla III | 1172–1196 | |
| Arpads | Emeric (Imre) | 1196–1204 | |
| Arpads | Ladislaus III | 1204–1205 | |
| Arpads | Andrew II (András) | 1205–1235 | |
| Arpads | Béla IV | 1235–1270 | First Mongol invasion |
| Arpads | Stephen V | 1270–1272 | |
| Arpads | Ladislaus IV | 1272–1290 | Second mongol invasion |
| Arpads | Andrew III | 1290–1301 | last of the Árpád dynasty |
| Premyslid | Wenceslas III of Bohemia (Vencel) | 1301–1305 | Bohemian king, elected as King of Hungary, was not universally recognized and is not counted as a king today |
| Wittelsbach | Otto III, Duke of Bavaria (Ottó) | 1305–1308 | also called Béla V, was not universally recognized |
| Angevin | Charles I (Károly Róbert) | 1308–1342 | founded the Anjou line and established the Angevin dynasty in Hungary. |
| Angevin | Louis I the Great (Nagy Lajos) | 1342–1382 | also king of Poland |
| Angevin | Mary (Mária) | 1382–1395 | |
| Angevin | Charles II | 1385–1386 | also King of Naples as Charles III, in opposition to Mary |
| House of Luxemburg | Sigismund (Zsigmond) | 1387–1437 | also Holy Roman Emperor and King of Bohemia |
| Habsburg | Albert | 1437–1439 | son-in-law of the precedent, also German King and Albert V of Austria |
| Interregnum title dispute between Ulászló I and Ladislaus Posthumus | |||
| Jagiellon | Ulászló I | 1440–1444 | |
| Habsburg | Ladislaus V Posthumus | 1444–1457 | also King of Bohemia |
| Hunyadi | Matthias Corvinus the Just (Igazságos Mátyás) | 1458-1490 | |
| Jagiellon | Ulászló II | 1490–1516 | also King of Bohemia |
| Jagiellon | Louis II | 1516–1526 | also King of Bohemia; killed in the Battle of Mohács |
| Rival kings of Emperor Ferdinand and John Zápolya both claimed themselves as ruler of Hungary. | |||
| Habsburg | Ferdinand I (Ferdinánd) | 1526–1564 | brother in law of Louis II, also Holy Roman Emperor. Ottoman invasion |
| Zápolya | John Zápolya (Zápolya János) | 1526–1540 | Leader of groups of Hungarian nobles claiming no foreign ruler should be chosen King of Hungary. Claimed the throne with support of Hungarian nobles, and later the Ottoman Sultan. Ottoman invasion. (Zápolya is alternatively spelled as Szapolyai.) |
| Zápolya | John II Sigismund Zápolya (János Zsigmond) | 1540-1570 | Son of precedents. King of Hungary, renounced his claim in favour of Maximilian I, remained the Prince of Transylvania (Erdély) between 1570 and 1571. |
| 1571 – Principality of Transylvania | |||
| Bathory | Stephen Báthory | 1572–1586 | Also King of Poland. |
| Bathory | Christopher Báthory | 1575-1581 | Brother of precedent, administered Transylvania as voivod during the absence of the prince (his brother). |
| Bathory | Sigismund Báthory | 1581–1597, August 1598–March 1599, 1599–1602 |
Son of precedent. Abdicated three times: in favor of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II (1597 1602), and of his cousin Cardinal Andrew Báthory (1599). |
| Bathory | Andrew Cardinal Báthory | 1599 | |
| Michael of Wallachia | 1599–1601 | Also Voivode of Wallachia (1593 – 1601) and of Moldavia (1600). | |
| Mózes Székely | 1602 - 1603 | ||
| Austrian Occupation 1602 - 1605 | |||
| István Bocskay | 1604–1606 | Governor1604 and Prince 1605 of Transylvania | |
| Rákóczi | Sigismund Rákóczi | 1607–1608 | |
| Bathory | Gabriel Báthory | 1608–1613 | Nephew of Andrew Cardinal Báthory |
| Gabriel Bethlen | 1613–1629 | ||
| Catherine of Brandenburg | 1629–1630 | ||
| Rákóczi | George I Rákóczi | 1630–1648 | |
| Rákóczi | George II Rákóczi | 1648–1660 | With intermissions. |
| Rákóczi | George II Rákóczi | 1648–1657 | With intermissions. |
| Aba | Francis Rhédey | 1657–1658 | Prince of Transylvania. |
| Achacius Barcsay | 1658–1660 | ||
| John Kemény | 1661–1662 | ||
| Apafi | Michael I Apafi | 1661–1690 | |
| Apafi | Michael II Apafi | 1690–1799 | |
| Emeric Thököly | 1682 – 1699 | Rebelled against Holy Roman Emperor Leopold I | |
| Rákóczi | Francis II Rákóczi | 1704 - 1711 | Claimed the titles Prince of Transylvania and Ruling Prince of Hungary |
| 1711 - Transylvania becomes part of the Austrian Empire, being declared Principality of Transylvania. The Emperors take the title of “Prince of Transylvania”, while Austrian governors administered the land. | Governors of the Principality of Transylvania: | ||||
| Leopold I | 1691–1705 | Prince of Transylvania | George Bánffy 1691-1708 | ||
| Charles VI | 1711–1740 | Prince of Transylvania | Stephen Haller 1709-1710 Stephen Wesselényi 1710-1713 Sigismund Kornis 1713-1731 Stephen Wesselény 1731-1732 Francisc Anton Wallis 1732-1734 John Haller 1734-1755 |
||
| Maria Theresia | 1740–1765 | Princess of Transylvania. After 1765 Great Princess of Transylvania. |
Francisc Venceslav Wallis 1755-1758 Ladislau Kemény 1758-1762 Adolf Buccow 1762-1764 Andrew Hadik 1764-1765 |
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| 1765 - Transylvania is declared as Grand Principality of Transylvania. The Emperors take the title of “Grand Prince of Transylvania” | Governors of the Grand Principality of Transylvania: | ||||
| Maria Theresia | 1765–1780 | Great Princess of Transylvania | Andrew Hadik 1765-1767 Carol O'Donell 1767-1770 Maria - Iosif Auersperg 1771-1774 Samuel von Brukenthal 1774-1775, 1776-1787 |
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| Joseph II | 1780–1790 | Great Prince of Transylvania | George Bánffy II 1787-1822 | ||
| Leopold II | 1790–1792 | Great Prince of Transylvania | |||
| Francis II | 1792–1835 | Great Prince of Transylvania | John Jósika 1822-1834 Ferdinand d'Este 1835-1837 |
||
| Ferdinand I | 1835–1848 | Great Prince of Transylvania | John Kornis 1838-1840 Joseph Teleki 1842-1848 |
||
| Franz Joseph I | 1848–1916 | Great Prince of Transylvania | Ludwig Wohlgemuth 1849-1851 Karl B. Schwarzenbeger 1851-1858 Friederich von Lichtenstein 1858-1861 Emeric Mikó 1860-1861 Ludwig Fohot of Crenneville 1861-1867 |
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| Karl I | 1916–1918 | Great Prince of Transylvania | |||
| 1867 – the Principality of Transylvania is dissolved | |||||
In 1867, the Great Principality of Transylvania is dissolved, and its territory is incorporated into Transleithania part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, following the Ausgleich, though the rulers continuously used the title. Transylvanias territory was part of the Kingdom of Romania between 1918 and 1940, divided between Hungary and the Kingdom of Romania between 1940 and 1945, and is a part of Romania since then.
