Royal Enfield
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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| Fate | bankrupt |
|---|---|
| Successor | Royal Enfield Motors (formerly Enfield of India) |
| Founded | 1893, as Enfield Manufacturing Co.Ltd |
| Defunct | 1970 |
| Location | Redditch, Worcestershire, England |
| Industry | Motorcycles |
| Products | Royal Enfield Clipper, Royal Enfield Crusader, Royal Enfield Bullet, Royal Enfield Interceptor |
| Key people | Founders Albert Eadie and R.W Smith |
Royal Enfield was the brand of the Enfield Cycle Company, an English engineering company. Most famous for producing motorcycles, they also produced, amongst other things, bicycles, lawnmowers, stationary engines, and even rifle parts for the Royal Small Arms Factory in Enfield. This legacy of weapons manufacture is reflected in the logo, a cannon, and their motto "built like a gun, goes like a bullet". It also enabled the use of the brand name Royal Enfield from 1890. In 1955 Enfield of India started assembling Bullet motorcycles under licence from UK components, and by 1962 were manufacturing complete bikes. The original Redditch, Worcestershire - based company dissolved in 1970, but Enfield of India, based in Chennai, continued, and bought the rights to the Royal Enfield name in 1995. Royal Enfield production continues.
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[edit] History
In the early 1890s Albert Eadie and R.W Smith formed The Eadie manufacturing company in Hunt End, near Redditch. In 1893 the Enfield Manufacturing Co.Ltd. was registered to sell the Enfield bicycle, built by the Eadie Company. In 1896 The New Enfield Cycle Co.Ltd. was formed to take over all bicycle activities. In 1897 that became the Enfield Cycle Co.Ltd. Eadie Manufacturing Co. then moved to other premises, and the whole of the Redditch works became the premises of the Enfield Cycle Company.
The first automotive vehicles with the Royal Enfield name were produced in 1898 - a quadricycle with a De Dion-Bouton 2.75 hp engine. In 1901 came the Motor Bicycle with a 150 cc 1.5 hp engine above the front wheel. In 1902 a similar contraption appeared with an Enfield engine of 239 cc 2.75 hp.[1]
In 1910 came the first of the famous Enfield V-twins, first with Motosacoche 344 cc 2.75 hp engines, later with Enfields own engine. Until World War I the big twins with 770 cc six hp J.A.P. engines and after WWI 976 cc eight hp Vickers-Wolseley engines. In 1915 came the first of the small two stroke 225 cc engines, starting with model 200.[2]
The company merged with Alldays & Onions in 1907 and produced cars called Enfield-Allday until 1925.[3]
[edit] Inter-war years
During the 1920s a mid range of Enfields left the Redditch factory: model 350 (350 cc SV), 351 (350 cc OHV) and 352 (350 cc twinport sports).
In the 1930s there was a large variety of models from small two strokes to large side valves, from A-Z. A 225 cc two stroke, B 225 cc sv, BO 250 cc ohv Bullet, C 350 cc sv, CO 350 cc ohv, G 350 cc ohv Bullet, H 488 cc sv, J 488 cc ohv, J2 488 cc two port ohv, K 976 cc sv v-twin, L 570 cc sv, T 148 cc ohv, Z (Cycar) 148 cc two stroke and many more variants.
The first J model appeared in 1930. In 1938 the two valve J model rockers were enclosed, and the engine became upright.
In 1932, the first Bullet 500 cc single, with exposed 4 valve rocker gear and inclined engine, was introduced. In 1935 this changed to three valves. These engines had their integral oil tank in front of the crankshaft, while post-war Bullet oil tanks were behind the crank. They were dry sump, the integral tank being separate from the crankshaft space.[4]
Royal Enfield entered a 500 cc Four valve-Racing model for the Senior TT 1935. This was the last TT Royal Enfield entered.[5] Despite having entered in the TT from 1911, the factory never managed a first place.[6]
The 1938 Model K sidevalve V-twin had grown to 1140 cc and was then called KX.
[edit] World War Two
During World War II, production changed to motorcycles for the war machine. The models produced for the military were the WD/C 350 cc sidevalve, WD/CO 350 cc OHV, WD/D 250 cc SV, WD/G 350 cc OHV, WD/L 570 cc SV and the "Flying Flea" - a 125 cc lightweight motorcycle that was could be dropped (in a parachute fitted tube cage) from aeroplanes.
[edit] Post-war
After the war the Enfield Cycle Company came back with the last G and J pre-war models, and the "Flea". In 1947 the Royal Enfield 500 cc Model J was back in production, but was now fitted with telescopic forks with two-way hydraulic damping instead of the old pre-war girder forks. The front axle mountings were offset forward of the fork legs.
In 1948 the J2 model, with 'twin exhaust ports' and pipes, was released initially for export only. The J2 exhaust port split into two after the exhaust valve, so the difference was more for appearance.
The post-war J models had a rigid rear frame, and a four-speed Albion gearbox with an extra lever that the rider could press to find neutral. This was a simple, solid 499 cc push-rod single with 84 mm bore x 90 mm stroke and a compression ratio of 5.5 to 1. It also used a fully floating white metal big end, similar to those found in radial aircraft engines, with the usual felt oil seals, Amal carb, and Lucas magneto ignition. The fully floating white metal big end could be replaced with an aftermarket caged roller bearing conversion. By 1950 the compression had been raised to 5.75 to 1, with a claimed power output of 21 bhp at 4,750 rpm. These were essentially torquey sidecar machines.
In 1949 the first new models were introduced: the 350 cc full sprung Bullet, and a 500 cc twin. The sportier alloy head, swing arm frame 350 cc Bullet was a sensation. It was the 1954 350 cc Bullet model which was to be made in India until the present (read further down). In 1953 the 500 cc model appeared, using the same bottom end. After 1956 a new frame was introduced in the British-made version of the Bullet, making it different from the 1954 model still being produced in India. The British made version was manufactured until 1964. The Bullet 350 and 500 also used the fully floating big end design.
The new swingarm frame 500 cc twin of 1949 would eventually evolve into the Interceptor. The 500's big end had no bearing inserts, the machined con-rod running directly on the crank pin. In the 1956 700 cc Super Meteor, a development of the 500, conventional babbit bearings were fitted, and were used on all subsequent vertical twins.
The 500 cc Bullet engine produced 25 bhp at 5,250 rpm while torque peaked at 29 ft·lbf @ 3,600 rpm, From 2,000 rpm onwards torque did not fall below 25 ft·lbf till beyond 5,300 rpm.
Later models like the 250 cc Crusader (1957) and 700 cc Meteor (1955), were followed by the 250 cc Continental GT (1965), the 700 Constellation (1959), available with Royal Enfield's "Airflow" full fairing, and the 736 cc Interceptor (1963).[7]
[edit] Royal Enfield Interceptor
During the onslaught of the Japanese motorcycle manufacturers in the late sixties and early seventies, the English factories made a final attempt with the 1962 - 1968,[8] series I and Series II. Made largely for the US market, it sported lots of chrome and an engine performance with less than 14 seconds to the quarter mile at speeds well above 175 km/h (105 mph). It became very popular in the US, but the classic mistake of not being able to supply this demand, added to the demise of this last English made Royal Enfield.[9]
The Redditch factory ceased production in 1967 and the Bradford-on-Avon factory closed in 1970, which meant the end of the British Royal Enfield.
After the factory closed a little over 200 Series II Interceptor engines were stranded at the dock in 1970, originally on their way to Floyd Clymer in the US, but unfortunately he had just died, and his export agents, Mitchell's of Birmingham, were left to dispose of them. They approached the Rickman brothers for a frame, and the Rickman brothers' main problem had always been engine supplies, so a limited run of Rickman Interceptors were promptly built.
As far as the motorcycle brand goes though, it would appear that Royal Enfield is the only motorcycle brand to span three centuries, and still going, with continuous production. A few of the original Redditch factory buildings remain (2006) and are part of the Enfield Industrial Estate.
[edit] Enfield Indians
From 1955 to 1960 Royal Enfields were painted red, and marketed in the USA as Indian Motorcycles by the Brockhouse Corporation, who had acquired the rights to the Indian name after it went under in 1953. Floyd Clymer, of manual fame, was involved, but Americans were not impressed by the badge engineering, and the venture was unsuccessful. It was rather ironic that Enfields went 'Indian' in two different ways. The largest Enfield "Indian" was a 700 cc. The marketing agreement expired in 1960 and from 1961 Royal Enfields were available in the US, still through Clymer, but under their own name, up until Clymer's death in 1970.
[edit] Enfield India
| Royal Enfield Motors | |
| Type | Public Company |
|---|---|
| Founded | 1955 as Enfield India |
| Headquarters | Chennai (Madras) |
| Industry | Motorcycle |
| Products | Motorcycles |
| Slogan | Built Like A Gun |
| Website | http://www.royalenfield.com |
Royal Enfields had been sold in India from 1949.
In 1955, the Indian government looked for a suitable motorcycle for its police and army, for use patrolling the country's border. The Bullet was chosen as the most suitable bike for the job. The Indian government ordered 800 350 cc model Bullets, an enormous order for the time.[10]
In 1955 the Redditch company partnered Madras Motors in India in forming 'Enfield India' to assemble, under licence, the 350 cc Royal Enfield Bullet motorcycle in Madras (now called Chennai). In 1957 tooling equipment was sold to Enfield India so that they could manufacture components. The first machines were assembled entirely from components shipped from England, but by 1962 all components were made in India. The Indian Enfield uses the 1960 engine (with metric bearing sizes), in the pre-56 design frame.
An independent manufacturer since the demise of Royal Enfield in England, Enfield India still makes an essentially similar bike in 350 cc and 500 cc forms today, along with several different models for different market segments.[11]
In 1986 UK civil servant Raja Narayan, returned to India and organised an export arm for the company to market the Bullet in England. Starting with a 350 in 1986, he was soon giving feedback that led to improvements. By 1989 the Enfield Bullet appeared in UK motorcycle shows.
In 1994 Eicher Group bought into Enfield India.[12]
In late 1995, the Enfield India firm acquired the rights to the name Royal Enfield. Royal Enfield of India now sells motorcycles in over twenty countries.
They are being imported into the United States, United Kingdom, and other western countries in increasing numbers, though the newer versions (2001) with electric start are becoming more popular than the 'classic' version which is little changed from 1955. There are a few changes: indicators, a 28 mm Mikuni carb, 12 volt electrics, an improved seat and, since 1990, twin leading-shoe brakes.
The 2006 the latest top level export version of the Bullet is the Electra-X a 500 cc machine with a 'lean burn' engine incorporating a new cylinder head and piston, alloy barrel, gear oil pump and roller big end bearing. There are also some styling and frame changes as well as a front disk brake. The recently designed left foot change 5-speed gearbox and electric start are also part of the package. Other improvements are a more modern Micarb VM 28 (CV) carburettor, 280 mm front disk brake, 150 mm rear single leading shoe drum brake, electronic ignition, and new, gas filled rear damper units.[13] This is an export-only model, and in India the top Electra is a 350 cc, though a basic right change four speed 500 cc version is available.[14]
The lean burn 350 cc engine produces 18 bhp @ 5000 rpm, and 32 nm @ 3000 rpm. The 500 cc version produces 22 bhp @ 5500 rpm, and 35.9 nm @ 3000 rpm.
The main thrust for its development has been meeting increasingly stringent emissions regulations. This lean burn engine should ensure the future of the Bullet for some years to come and will replace the older, original design engine.
First designed around 1947, but still including elements from earlier machines such as the Model G, the Bullet claims to have the longest continuous production run of any motorcycle. It is also significant that the Indian factory has itself now celebrated its own 50th birthday.
Lately, the Royal Enfield bikes have enjoyed a resurgence in India after the release of some new models of these bikes with a constant vacuum (CV) carburettor and an aluminium engine. These models are the Royal_Enfield_Thunderbird and Machismo. A model called Electra, which is a slicker version of the classic 350 cc bike with electric-start kit is also popular. This model is not normally exported outside of India, but is replaced by the 500 cc Electra-X.
[edit] Recent models
Over the last few years there have been a number of basic models on sale in the UK:
- Classic (350 & 500 cc) - close to the original 1955 specification with some basic modifications.
- Bullet 500 ES - Classic with electric start.
- Bullet 65 - Bullet 500 ES with new 5 speed gearbox and left foot gear change.
- Thunderbird (350 cc)- New 5 speed gearbox, left foot gear change, stylish look with dual color/shade body, curved handle bars and electric start. It is also compliant with UK/EU emission standards.
- Bullet Electra-X (500 cc) - Much modified/re-designed lean burn, alloy barreled engine with the new gearbox and many chassis modifications. The Electra-X looks like a modified and improved Bullet.
All of these basic models have trials, cafe racer, and other derivative models.
For noise and emission reasons, the old engine will cease to be imported into the UK/EU in mid-2007, and the 'lean burn' engine will then become the standard.
Unfortunately, even this lean-burn engine may be relatively short-lived in the EU as further emissions restrictions are expected to be introduced. There are predictions that a totally new engine will have to be introduced, probably using fuel injection.
[edit] Royal Enfield models
[edit] Bullet 500 cc
Royal Enfield Bullet specifications
- Engine: four stroke, OHV (two valve, pushrod)
- Bore & Stroke: 84 mm x 90 mm
- Compression ratio: 6.5:1
- Engine Performance: 22 bhp (16 kW) @ 5,400 rpm, 3.5 kgf·m (34 N·m) at 3,000 rpm
- Electrics: 12 volts, battery & coil
- Lubrication: dry sump lubrication, positive plunger type
- Clutch: multiple plate, oil immersed
- Transmission: four speed constant mesh transmission, one up and three down with neutral-finder
- Brakes: twin lead, drum 7 in, rear drum 6 in
- Tyres: front 3.25 x 19 in, rear 3.5 x 19 in
- Fuel consumption: 70 mpg imperial or 4.0 L/100 km
- Size (l/w/b): 82.25 x 27.25 x 41.5 in (2,089 x 692 x 1,054 mm)
- Wheelbase: 53.5 in (1,359 mm)
- Ground clearance: 5.5 in (140 mm)
- Seat height: 30 in (760 mm);
- Dry weight: 370 lb (168 kg);
- Max speed: 125 km/h (the speedometer is mildly inaccurate, and this may be closer to 110 km/h)[15]
[edit] Interceptor
- Production: 1962 - 1968
Specifications…(1964)
- Frame Type: tubular, single-loop
- Suspension, front: telescopic fork
- Suspension, rear: swing arm
- Tire size. Front: 3.50-19
- Tire size, rear: 4.00-18
- Engine type: Air Cooled Vertical twin, ohv
- Bore & stroke: 2.79 inch (71 mm) X 3.66 inch (93 mm)
- Displacement: 44.9 in³ (736 cc)
- Compression ratio: 8.5 to 1
- Power: 52.5 bhp (39 kW) @6000 rpm
- Carburetion: Twin 13⁄16 in (30 mm) Amal Monobloc
- Ignition: magneto with auto advance
- Weight: 193 kg (425 lb) (with fuel and oil)
- Fuel capacity: 3.0 US gallons (11 L)
- Oil capacity, 5.0 US pints (2.4 L)
- Lubrication system: Dry sump, oil tank in crankcase compartment.
- Starting system: Kick, folding crank
- Performance:
- Practical maximum speed: 114 mph (184 km/h) (after half mile run)
- Calculated speed in gears @7000 rpm:
- 4th - 120 mph
- 3rd - 89 mph
- 2nd - 65 mph
- 1st - 43 mph
- mph per 1000 rpm: 17.2
- Acceleration seconds:
- 0-60 - 5.5
- 0-100 - 15.2
- Standing quarter mile: 13.8 seconds
- Standing quarter mile trap speed: 96 mph (154 km/h)[16]
[edit] Sources
- ^ [1] RoyalEnfield Early History (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [2] Enfield's own Company History (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [3]CarType History (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [4] Premjis Enfield History (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [5] Krackowizer Motorcycles M - R (Retrieved 18 November 2006)
- ^ [6] IOM TTDatabase Marque Profile - Royal Enfield (Retrieved 18 November 2006)
- ^ [7] IanChadwick Enfield (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [8] 736 cc Interceptor Model (Retrieved October 22 2006)
- ^ [9] Is-it-a-lemon Enfield Review (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [10] IanChadwick Enfield India (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [11] Royal-Enfield History (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [12] Royal Enfield 1991 - 2000 Enfield becomes Royal Enfield (Retrieved 30 October 2006)
- ^ [13] Royal Enfield UK Specifications pdf] (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [14] Enfield specifications pdf (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [15] IanChadwick Enfield India (Retrieved 22 October 2006)
- ^ [16] Ozemate Interceptor (Retrieved October 22 2006)
[edit] External links
- Royal Enfield Interceptor Register Royal Enfield Interceptor History and Register
- Royal Enfield Global website
- Royal Enfield Images and Brochures
- 1925 Royal Enfield 350 standard
- 1927 Royal Enfield 351 sports
- Documentary on Enfield Travelogue
- Pictures of Rickman Enfield (Rickman Interceptor)
[edit] Technical Information
- Bullet Workshop Articles
- Ronnie's Royal Enfield Bullet, Tips & Techniques
- Royal Enfield Bullet Workshop Manual - A Volunteer website made by 11 people, The best!
- Enfield Engine Diagrams - click "parts books online" icon
[edit] Owners clubs
- Royal Enfield Interceptor Owners Page
- Royal Enfield Club of the Netherlands
- Flemish Royal Enfield club
[edit] Owners clubs(India)
- RTMC
- Da Bull
- 60km/h
- Inddie Thumpers
- Wander Lust MC
- Madras Bulls
- ROYAL BEASTS
- RoadShakers
- Rolling Thunder Motorcycle Club
Defunct: AJS (1909-1969) · Ambassador · AMC (1937-196?) · Ariel · Armstrong · Beardmore Precision (1921-1924) · Blackburne · Brough (1908-1926) · Brough Superior (1919-1940) · BSA (1919-1972) · Calthorpe · Clarendon · Cotton (1918-1980) · DOT (1908-1978) · Douglas (1907-1957) · EMC · Excelsior (1896-1964) · Greeves (1953-1976) · Francis-Barnet · Haden · Hesketh · HRD (1922-1928) · James · Matchless (1899-1966) · New Hudson · Norman · Norton (1898-1992) · OEC Commander · OK-Supreme (1882-1940) · Palmelli · Panther (1904-1967) · Quasar (1975-1982) · Rickman (1960-1975) · Royal Enfield (1893-1970) · Rudge (1911-1946) · Scott · Sprite (1965-1971) · Spryt · Sunbeam · Velocette (1904-1968) · Villiers · Vincent (1928-1959) · Wooler (1909-1954)
