Rowing (sport)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Rowing is a sport in which athletes race against each other over bodies of water. The boats are propelled by the athletes levering the boat through the water with oars. The sport can be either recreational or competitive. In the United States and Canada, high school and collegiate rowing is sometimes called crew.[1]
Whilst rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing backwards (towards the stern), and uses the oars which are attached to the boat at the rowlocks to propel the boat forward (towards the bow). This may be done on a river, lake, sea, or other large body of water. It is a demanding sport requiring balance as well as physical strength and cardiovascular endurance.[2]
Whilst the action of rowing and equipment used remains fairly consistent throughout the world, there are many different types of competition. These include endurance races, time trials, stake racing, bumps racing, and the side-by-side format used in the Olympic games. The many different formats are a result of the long history of the sport, and its development in different regions of the world.
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[edit] Basics
The distinction between rowing and other forms of water transport, such as canoeing or kayaking, is that in rowing the oars are held in place at a pivot point. This allows the oars to act as a lever of force, rather than a paddle. In flatwater rowing, the boat (also called a 'shell' or 'fine boat') is narrow to avoid drag, and the oars are attached to rowlocks at the end of outriggers extending from the sides of the boat.[3] These boats also have sliding seats which allow the rower to engage his or her legs during the drive phase of the rowing stroke.
There are two forms of rowing. In Sweep or Sweep-oar rowing, each rower has one oar, held in both hands. Each rower in a sweep boat is referred to either as "port" (aka "strokeside") or "starboard" (aka "bowside"), depending on which side of the boat the rower's oar extends to. In Sculling each rower has two oars (one in each hand). The oar in his or her right hand extends to the port side, and the oar in his or her left hand extends to starboard.
[edit] Anatomy of a stroke
The two fundamental reference points in the rowing stroke are the catch where the oar blade is placed in the water, and the extraction (also known as the 'finish' or the 'release') where the oar blade is removed from the water. The rower leans forward, and bends the legs,sliding forward in their seat. After the blade is placed in the water at the catch, they apply pressure to the oar, levering the boat forward and simultaneously sliding in their seat into the unbent legs position. The part where pressure is applied is called the drive phase of the stroke. Once the rower extracts the oar from the water, the recovery phase begins, setting up the rower's body for the next stroke.[4]
[edit] History
Even since the earliest recorded references to rowing, the sporting element has been present. An Egyptian funerary inscription of 1430 BC records that the warrior Amenhotep (Amenophis) II was also renowned for his feats of oarsmanship. In the Aeneid, Virgil mentions rowing forming part of the funeral games arranged by Aeneas in honour of his father.[5] In the 13th century, Venetian festivals called regata included boat races among others.[6]
The first known ‘modern’ rowing races, began from competition among the professional watermen that provided ferry and taxi service on the River Thames in London. Prizes for wager races were often offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies or wealthy owners of riverside houses.[7] During the Nineteenth Century these races were to become numerous and popular, attracting large crowds. Prize matches amongst professionals similarly became popular on other rivers throughout Great Britain in the Nineteenth Century, notably on the Tyne. The oldest surviving such race, Doggett's Coat and Badge was first contested in 1715 and is still held annually from London Bridge to Chelsea.[8] In America, the earliest known race dates back to 1756 in New York, when a pettiauger defeated a Cape Cod whaleboat in a race. [9]
Amateur competition in England began towards the end of the Eighteenth Century. Documentary evidence from this period is sparse, but it is known that the Monarch Boat Club of Eton College and the Isis Club of Westminster School were both in existence in the 1790s. The Star Club and Arrow Club in London for gentlemen amateurs were also in existence before 1800. At the University of Oxford bumping races were first organised in 1815,[10] while at Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827.[11] The Boat Race between Oxford University and Cambridge University first took place in 1829, and was the second intercollegiate sporting event (following the first Varsity Cricket Match by 2 years). The interest in the first Boat Race and subsequent matches led the town of Henley to begin hosting an annual regatta in 1839.[12]
During the Nineteenth Century, as in England, wager matches in North America between professionals became very popular attracting vast crowds. The Detroit Boat Club was established as the first rowing exclusive club in 1839.[13][14] In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University.[13] The Harvard-Yale Regatta is the oldest intercollegiate sporting event in the United States,[13][15] having been contested every year since 1852 (excepting interruptions for wars).
[edit] FISA
FISA, the “Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d’Aviron” in French (or the English equivalent International Federation of Rowing Associations) was founded by representatives from France, Switzerland, Belgium, Adriatica (now a part of Italy) and Italy in Turin on June 25, 1892.[16] It is the oldest international sports federation in the Olympic movement.[17]
FISA first organised a European Rowing Championships in 1893.[16] An annual World Rowing Championships was introduced in 1962.[18][19] Rowing has also been conducted at the Olympic Games since 1900 (cancelled at the first modern Games in 1896 due to bad weather).
[edit] Equipment
[edit] Boats
Racing boats (usually called "shells") are long, narrow, and semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag to a minimum. Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a composite material (usually carbon-fibre reinforced plastic) for strength and weight advantages.
There are a large number of different types of boats. They are classified using:
- Number of rowers. In all forms of modern competition the number is either 1, 2, 4, or 8.
- Position of coxswain. Boats are either coxless ("straight"), bow-coxed (also called bowloaders), or stern-coxed.
Although sculling and sweep boats are generally identical to each other (except having different riggers), they are referred to using different names:
- Sweep: straight pair (2-), coxed pair (2+), straight four (4-), coxed four (4+), eight (8+) (always coxed)
- Sculling: single (1x), double (2x), triple (3x) (very rare), quad (4x), octuple (8x) (not very common, always coxed, and mainly for juniors)
[edit] Oars
Oars are used to propel the boat. They are long (250–300 cm) poles with one flat end about 50 cm long and 25 cm wide, called the blade. An oar is often referred to as a "blade" in the case of sweep oar rowing and as a "scull" in the case of sculling. A sculling oar is shorter and has a smaller blade area than the equivalent sweep oar. Classic oars were made out of wood, but modern oars are made from synthetic material, the most common being carbon fibre. The most common makes are Concept2, Croker, and Dreher.
[edit] Rowing Machines
Ergometer rowing machines (colloquially erg or ergo) are pieces of equipment used to supplement rowing in a boat by providing a simulation of it. Used for both fitness training and when water time is restricted, they allow for technique to be practised to some extent. Indoor rowing has become popular as a sport in its own right with numerous indoor competitions (and the annual World Championship CRASH-B Sprints in Boston) during the winter off-season. [20]
[edit] Competition
Rowers may take part in the sport for their leisure or they may row competitively. There are different types of competition in the sport of rowing. In the U.S. all types of races are referred to as "regattas" whereas this term is only used in the UK for head-to-head races which take place in the summer season. Time trials occur in the UK during the winter, and are referred to as Head races.
Rowing is unusual in the demands it places on competitors. The standard world championship race distance of 2,000 metres is long enough to have a large endurance element, but short enough (typically 5.5 to 7.5 minutes) to feel like a sprint. This means that rowers have some of the highest power outputs of athletes in any sport. At the same time the motion involved in the sport compresses the rowers' lungs, limiting the amount of oxygen available to them. This requires rowers to tailor their breathing to the stroke, typically inhaling and exhaling twice per stroke, unlike most other sports such as cycling where competitors can breathe freely.
[edit] Side by Side
Most races that are held in the spring and summer feature side by side racing also called a regatta - all the boats start at the same time from a stationary position and the winner is the boat that crosses the finish line first. The number of boats in a race typically varies between two (which is sometimes referred to as a 'dual race') to six, but any number of boats can start together if the course is wide enough.
The standard length races for the Olympics and the World Rowing Championships is 2,000 m long, 1,500 m for U.S. High School races and 1,000 m for masters rowers (rowers older than 27). However the race distance can and does vary from 'dashes' or 'sprints', which may be 500 m long, to races of marathon or ultra-marathon length races such as the 'Tour du Léman' in Switzerland which is 160 km, [21] and the 2 day, 185 km Corvallis to Portland Regatta[22] held in Oregon, USA. In the UK regattas are generally between 500 m and 2,000 m long.
Two traditional non-standard distance races are the annual Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge and the Harvard-Yale Boat Race which cover courses of approximately four miles (roughly 6.5 km). The Henley Royal Regatta is also raced upon a non-standard distance at 1 mile, 550 yards (2,112 meters).
In general, multi-boat competitions are organized in a series of rounds, with the fastest boats in each heat qualifying for the next round. The losing boats from each heat may be given a second chance to qualify through a repechage. Examples are the World Rowing Championships which offers multi-lane heats and repechages and Henley Royal Regatta which has two crews competing side by side in each round, in a straightforward knock-out format, and does not offer repechages.
[edit] Head races
Head races are time trial / processional races that take place from autumn (fall) to early spring (depending on local conditions). Boats begin with a rolling start at intervals of 10-20 seconds, and are timed over a set distance. Head courses usually vary in length from 2,000 m to 7,000 m.
The first, and arguably most famous head race is the Head of the River Race, founded by Steve Fairbairn in 1926 which takes place each March on the river Thames in London, United Kingdom. Head racing was exported to the United States in the 1950s, and the Head of the River Charles Regatta held each October on the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts, USA is now the largest rowing event in the world.
These processional races are known as 'Head Races', because, as with bumps racing, the fastest crew is awarded the title 'Head of the River' (as in 'head of the class'). It was not deemed feasible to run bumps racing on the Tideway, so a timed format was adopted and soon caught on.
[edit] Bumps races
A third type of race is the bumps race, as held in Oxford (known as Torpids and Eights Week), Cambridge (known as the Lent Bumps and the May Bumps), between the London medical schools (the United Hospitals Bumps) on the Tideway and at Eton College and Shrewsbury School, (which are the only schools in Britain to continue this tradition). In these races, crews start lined up along the river at set intervals, and all start at the same time. The aim is to catch up with the boat in front, and avoid being caught by the boat behind. If a crew overtakes or makes physical contact with the crew ahead, a bump is awarded. As a result damage to boats and equipment is common during bumps racing. To avoid damage the cox of the crew being bumped may concede the bump before contact is actually made. The next day, the bumping crew will start ahead of any crews that have been bumped. Bumps races take place over several days, and the positions at the end of the last race are used to set the positions on the first day of the races the next year. Oxford and Cambridge Universities hold bumps races for their respective colleges twice a year, and there are also Town Bumps races in both cities, open to non-university crews. Oxford's races are organised by City of Oxford Rowing Club[23] and Cambridge's are organised by the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association. Bump races are very rare in the United States.
[edit] Stake races
The stake format was often used in early American races. Competitors line up at the start, race to a stake, moored boat, or buoy some distance away, and return. The 180° turn requires mastery of steering. These races are popular with spectators because one may watch both the start and finish. Usually only two boats would race at once to avoid collision. The Green Mountain Head Regatta continues to use the stake format but it is run as a head race with an interval start.[24] A similar type of racing is found in UK coastal rowing, where a number of boats race out to a given point from the coast and then return fighting rough water all the way.
[edit] World championships and Olympics
The Olympic Games are held every four years, where only select boat classes are raced (14 in total):
- Men: quad scull, double scull, single scull, eight, straight four, and straight pair
- Lightweight Men: straight four and double scull
- Women: quad scull, double scull, single scull, eight, and straight pair
- Lightweight Women: double scull
At the end of each year, the FISA holds the World Rowing Championships with events in 23 different boat classes. Athletes generally consider the Olympic classes to be "premier" events and are more interested in rowing in these at the World Championships. During Olympic years only non-Olympic boats compete at the World Championships.
[edit] Rules of Racing
There are many differing sets of rules governing racing and these are generally defined by the governing body of the sport in a particular country. In the UK this is the Amateur Rowing Association and in Australia this is Rowing Australia. In international competition the rules are set out by the world governing body FISA. The rules may vary slightly but are generally very similar. The main notable difference between ARA rules and FISA rules is that coxes are not required to wear buoyancy aids in international events governed by FISA however are required to wear one at all times under the ARA rules.
[edit] The crew
In all boats, with the exception of single sculls, each rower is numbered in sequential order from the bow to the stern. The person seated on the first seat is called the bowman, or just 'bow', whilst the rower closest to the stern is called the 'strokeman' or just 'stroke'. Note - there are some exceptions to this - UK coastal rowers, and French and Spanish rowers number from stern to bow.
In addition to this, certain crew members have other titles and roles. In an 8+ the stern pair are responsible for setting the rate of striking and establishing a rhythm for the rest of the boat to follow. The middle four are usually the less technical, but more powerful rowers in the crew, whilst the bow pair are the more technical and generally regarded as the pair to set up the balance of the boat. They also must have sharp catches to lift the bows of the boat out of the water at the start of each stroke.
[edit] Lightweights
Unlike most other non-combat sports, rowing has a special weight category called lightweight (Lwt for short). According to FISA, this weight category was introduced "to encourage more universality in the sport especially among nations with less statuesque people". The first lightweight events were held at the World Championships in 1974 for men and 1985 for women. Lightweight rowing was added to the Olympics in 1996.
At international level the limits are:
- Men: Crew average 70 kg (154.32 lb) - no rower over 72.5 kg (159.84 lb)
- Women: Crew average 57 kilograms (125 lb) - no one over 59 kg (130 lb)
[edit] Women
For most of its history, rowing has been a male dominated sport. Although rowing's roots as a sport in the modern Olympics can be traced back to the original 1896 games in Athens, it was not until the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal that women were allowed to participate – well after their fellow athletes in similar sports such as swimming, athletics, cycling, and canoeing.
Despite its male domination, women's rowing can be traced back to the early 1800s, and an image of a women's double scull race made the cover of Harper’s Weekly in 1870. In 1927, the first rowing event for women between Oxford and Cambridge was held. For the first few years it was an exhibition, and it later became a race.
In 1954, the first women's events were added to the European Rowing Championships. In 1988, the first Henley Women's Regatta was held. On April 27 1997, one of the last bastions of rowing was breached when, at an Extraordinary General Meeting, Leander Club voted to admit women as members. This rule met a condition imposed by UK Sport and qualified Leander to receive a £1.5 million grant for refurbishment from the Lottery Sports Fund.[25]
At international level, women's rowing traditionally has been dominated by Eastern European countries, such as Romania, Russia, and Bulgaria, although other countries such as Germany, Netherlands, Canada, and New Zealand often field competitive teams. The United States also has often had very competitive crews, and in recent years these crews have become even more competitive given the surge in women's collegiate rowing, and the establishment of the NCAA Rowing Championships for women.
[edit] Adaptive athletes
Adaptive rowing is a special category of races for those with physical disabilities. Under FISA rules there are 4 boat classes for adaptive rowers; men's LTA (Legs, Trunk, Arms), men's TA (Trunk and Arms), and men's and women's A (Arms only). Events are held at the World Rowing Championships and are also due to take place at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.[26]
[edit] Terminology and Event nomenclature
Rowing events use a systematic nomenclature for the naming of events, so that age, gender, ability and size of boat can all be expressed in a few numbers and letters.
The first letter to be used is 'L' or 'Lt' for lightweight. If absent then the crew is open weight. This can be followed by either a 'J' or 'B' to signify junior (under 19 years) or under 23 years respectively. If absent the crew is open age (the letter 'O' is sometimes used). Next is either an 'M' or 'W' to signify if the crew are men or women. Then there is a number to show how many athletes are in the boat (1,2,4 or 8). An 'x' following the number indicates a sculling boat. Finally either a + or - is added to indicate whether the boat is coxed or coxswainless.
Some events will use an experience rating to separate races. In the UK boats are classed as 'Elite", "Senior 1/2/3/4" or "Novice", depending on the number of wins the athletes have accumulated. Masters events use age ranges to separate crews of older rowers.
Examples:
- M8+ or 8+ men's coxed eight
- W4- women's coxless four (or "straight four")
- LM2- lightweight men's coxless pair
- BM1x men's single sculls under age 23
- JW4x junior women's quad
- Masters WC2x masters women's double sculls with average crew age between 43-49
- Mixed Masters 8+ coxed eight with 4 women and 4 men as rowers and a coxswain of either gender
[edit] See also
- Coastal and ocean rowing
- College/University Rowing:
- International Rowing Federation Events:
- Category:Rowing governing bodies
- Category:Rowing clubs
- Category:Rowing companies
[edit] References
- ^ Crew - definition (html). TheFreeDictionary. Retrieved on January 2, 2007.
- ^ Introduction (html). Basic Rowing Physiology. Retrieved on January 2, 2007.
- ^ Resistance (html). Basic Physics of Rowing. Retrieved on January 2, 2007.
- ^ British Rowing Technique (html). The Amateur Rowing Association. Retrieved on December 23, 2006.
- ^ Burnell, Richard; Page, Geoffrey (1997). The Brilliants: A History of the Leander Club. Leander Club. ISBN 0 9500061 1 4.
- ^ Online Etymology Dictionary (html). Retrieved on December 23, 2006.
- ^ Burnell, Richard; Page, Geoffrey (1997). The Brilliants: A History of the Leander Club. Leander Club. ISBN 0 9500061 1 4.
- ^ DOGGETT'S COAT & BADGE RACE (html). Guildhall Library Manuscripts Section. Retrieved on December 23, 2006.
- ^ Historical context of the beginnings of rowing at Penn (html). Retrieved on January 25, 2007.
- ^ A History of Oxford College Rowing (html). Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ The History of the Penn Athletic Club Rowing Association (html). Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ Burnell, Richard (1989). Henley Royal Regatta: A celebration of 150 years. William Heinemann. ISBN 0 434 98134 6.
- ^ a b c USRowing (aspx). Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ Detroit Boat Club (html). Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ Harvard-yale reggata (html). Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ a b Virtual Library of Sports: Rowing (htnl). Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ World Rowing (html). Retrieved on December 31, 2006.
- ^ Australian Rowing at the World Senior Championships (html). Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ Harvard-yale reggata (html). Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ Racing (html). Concept2.co.uk. Retrieved on January 2, 2007.
- ^ Stéphane, Trachsler. "Records fall in Lake Geneva Tour", world rowing.com, 2006-10-30. Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ "Corvallis to Portland Regatta (CPR)", new world rowing.org. Retrieved on January 17, 2007.
- ^ Oxford City Bumping Races (html). Oxford Rowing. Retrieved on December 23, 2006.
- ^ Green Mountain Head Regatta (html). Retrieved on January 27, 2007.
- ^ Leander voted for women (html). REGATTA OnLine. Retrieved on December 23, 2006.
- ^ Paralympic/Adaptive (html). WorldRowing.com. Retrieved on December 23, 2006.
[edit] External links
- FISA — The Official World Rowing Website (See FISA).
- RegattaCentral— Regatta search and listings. Official registrar for USRowing.
- The Amateur Rowing Association Governing body of rowing in the UK
- River & Rowing Museum — Unique Museum devoted to rowing in Henley on Thames.
- The Cambridge Rowing Wiki — A wiki for more technical rowing information
- Rowiki.com — The rowing-related wiki.
- The Rabbit's Guide to Rowing in the Movies
