Rouran
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Rouran (Chinese: 柔然; Wade-Giles: Jou Jan, literally Soft-like), Juan Juan (Chinese: 蠕蠕; pinyin: Ruǎnruǎn, literally meaning the Wriggling Insects, a name given by the Toba ruling elites of northern China), or Ruru (Chinese: 茹茹; Wade-Giles: Ju Ju, literally meaning Fodder) also known as (Chinese: 檀檀; Wade-Giles: Tan Tan, origin word for Tartar) was the name of a confederation of nomadic tribes on the northern borders of China Proper from the late 4th century until the late 6th century. Because one of their member tribes, the Hua (who they placed at the head of the Uyghurs in 460[citation needed]) later appeared in Europe as the Eurasian Avars, the gross oversimplification that they were synonymous with the Avars has become widespread. The term Rouran is a Mandarin Chinese transcription of the pronunciation of the name the confederacy used to refer to itself. Ruanruan and Ruru remained in modern usage despite once being derogatory. They derived from orders given by the Emperor Taiwu of Northern Wei, who waged war against the Rouran and intended to intimidate the confederacy.
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[edit] Origin and expansion
The Rouran were a proto-Mongolic peoples who were first noted as having defeated the Gaoche and establishing an empire extending all the way to the Hulun, at the eastern Inner Mongolia. To the west of the Rouran was a horde known in the west as the Hephthalites who originally, until the 5th century, were a vassal horde of the Rouran[citation needed]. The Rouran controlled the area of Mongolia from the Manchurian border to Turpan and, perhaps, the east coast of Lake Balkhash, and from the Orkhon River to the China Proper. Their ancestor Mugulu is said to have been originally a slave of the Toba tribes, situated at the north banks of Yellow River Blend. Mugulu's descendant Shelun is said to be the first chieftain who was able to unify the Rouran tribes and to found the power of the Rouran by defeating the Gaoche and Xianbei. Shelun was also the first of the steppe peoples to adopt the title of khagan (可汗) in 402, originally a title of Xianbei nobility.
The Rouran and the Hephthalites had a falling out and problems within their confederation were encouraged by Chinese agents. In 508, the Gaoche, then opereating under the name Tiele, defeated the Rouran in battle. In 516, the Rouran defeated the Tiele. Within the Rouran confederation was a Turkic tribe noted in Chinese annals as the Tujue. After a marriage proposal to the Rouran was rebuffed, the Tujue joined with the Western Wei, successor state to the Northern Wei, and revolted against the Rouran. In 555, they beheaded 3,000 Rourans. Common European history books claim that the Juan Juan then fled west across the steppes, though this is probably a mistake. The remainder of the Rourans fled into China, were absorbed into the border guards, and disappeared forever as an entity. The last Rouran khagan fled to the court of Western Wei, but at the demand of Tujue, Western Wei executed him and the nobles that accompanied him.
Little is known of the Rouran ruling elite, which the Book of Wei cited as an offshoot of the Xianbei. The Rouran subdued modern regions of Xinjiang, Mongolia, Central Asia and parts of Siberia and Manchuria from the late 4th century. Their frequent interventions and invasions profoundly affected neighboring countries. Though they admitted the Ashina of Göktürks into their federation, the power of the Rouran was broken by an alliance of Göktürks, the Chinese Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties and tribes in Central Asia in 552. The Northern Wei, for instance, had established the Six Garrisons of Ordos bordering the Rouran, which later became the foci of native peoples uprising against sinicised peoples in the early 6th century.
[edit] Qaghans of the Rouran
| Temple names | Regal names | Family names and given name | Durations of reigns | Era names and their according durations |
|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭木骨閭 Yùjiǔlǘ Mùgǔlǘ | 4th cent. | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭車鹿會 Yùjiǔlǘ Chēlùhuì | 4th cent. | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭吐奴傀 Yùjiǔlǘ Tǔnúgūi | 4th cent. | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭跋提 Yùjiǔlǘ Bátí | 4th cent. | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭地粟袁 Yùjiǔlǘ Dìsùyuán | 4th cent. | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭匹侯跋 Yùjiǔlǘ Pǐhóubá | 4th cent. | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭縵紇提 Yùjiǔlǘ Màngētí | 4th cent. | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭曷多汗 Yùjiǔlǘ Héduōhàn | 4th cent. | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Qiudoufa Khan (丘豆伐可汗) | 郁久閭社崙 Yùjiǔlǘ Shèlún | 402-410 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Aikugai Khan (藹苦蓋可汗) | 郁久閭斛律 Yùjiǔlǘ Húlǜ | 410-414 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Mouhanheshenggai Khan (牟汗紇升蓋可汗) | 郁久閭大檀 Yùjiǔlǘ Dàtán | 414-429 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Chilian Khan (敕連可汗) | 郁久閭吳提 Yùjiǔlǘ Wútí | 429-444 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Chu Khan (處可汗) | 郁久閭吐賀真 Yùjiǔlǘ Tǔhèzhēn | 444-450 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Shouluobuzhen Khan (受羅部真可汗) | 郁久閭予成 Yùjiǔlǘ Yúchéng | 450-485 | Yongkang (永康 Yǒngkāng) 464-484 |
| Did not exist | Fumingdun Khan (伏名敦可汗) | 郁久閭豆崙 Yùjiǔlǘ Dòulún | 485-492 | Taiping (太平 Tàipíng) 485-491 |
| Did not exist | Houqifudaikezhe Khan ( 侯其伏代庫者可汗) | 郁久閭那蓋 Yùjiǔlǘ Nàgài | 492-506 | Taian (太安 Tàiān) 492-505 |
| Did not exist | Tuohan Khan (佗汗可汗) | 郁久閭伏圖 Yùjiǔlǘ Fútú | 506-508 | Shiping (始平 Shǐpíng) 506-507 |
| Did not exist | Douluofubadoufa Khan (豆羅伏跋豆伐可汗) | 郁久閭醜奴 Yùjiǔlǘ Chǒunú | 508-520 | Jianchang (建昌 Jiànchāng) 508-520 |
| Did not eixst | Chiliantoubingdoufa Khan (敕連頭兵豆伐可汗) | 郁久閭阿那瓌 Yùjiǔlǘ Ānàgūi | 520-552 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Mi'oukeshegou Khan (彌偶可社句可汗) | 郁久閭婆羅門 Yùjiǔlǘ Póluómén | 521-524 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭鐵伐 Yùjiǔlǘ Tiěfá | 552-553 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭登注 Yùjiǔlǘ Dēngzhù | 553 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭康提 Yùjiǔlǘ Kāngtí | 553 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭菴羅辰 Yùjiǔlǘ Ānluóchén | 553-554 | Did not exist |
| Did not exist | Did not exist | 郁久閭鄧叔子 Yùjiǔlǘ Dèng Shūzǐ | 555 | Did not exist |
