Rosenwald School
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A Rosenwald School was the name informally applied to over five thousand schools, shops, and teachers' homes in the United States which were built primarily for the education of African Americans in the early twentieth century. The name originated with Julius Rosenwald, an American clothier who became part-owner and president of Sears, Roebuck and Company, and founder of The Rosenwald Fund, through which many of the schools and other philanthropic causes were funded. A requirement of grants for local matching funds resulted in community efforts which raised millions of dollars.
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[edit] Julius Rosenwald
Julius Rosenwald (1862-1932) was a German-Jewish immigrant's son and became a clothier by trade, after learning the business from relatives in New York City. His first business went bankrupt; however, another he began in Chicago, Illinois became a leading supplier to Richard Sears' business. Sears, Roebuck and Company was a growing mail-order business which served many rural Americans. Anticipating demand by using the variations of sizes in American men and their clothing determined during the American Civil War, Rosenwald helped plan the growth in what many years later marketers would call "the softer side of Sears": clothing. In 1895, he became one of its investors, eventually serving as the president of Sears from 1908 to 1922. He was its chairman until his death in 1932.
After the 1906 reorganization of the Sears company as a public stock corporation by the financial services firm of Goldman Sachs, one of the senior partners, Paul Sachs, often stayed with the Rosenwald family at their home during his many trips to Chicago. Julius Rosenwald and Sachs would often discuss America's social situation, agreeing that the plight of African Americans was the most serious problem in the United States.
Sachs introduced Rosenwald to Booker T. Washington, the famed educator who in 1881 had been the first principal of the normal school which grew to become Tuskegee University in Alabama. Dr. Washington, who had gained the respect of many American leaders including U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt, had also obtained financial support from wealthy philanthropists such as Andrew Carnegie and Henry Huttleston Rogers. He encouraged Rosenwald, as he had others, to address the poor state of African American education in the U.S.
In 1912, Rosenwald was asked to serve on the Board of Directors of Tuskegee, a position he also held for the remainder of his life. Rosenwald endowed Tuskegee so that Washington could spend less time traveling to seek funding and devote more time towards management of the school. As urged by Dr. Washington, Rosenwald provided funds for the construction of six small schools in rural Alabama, which were constructed and opened in 1913 and 1914 and overseen by Tuskegee.
[edit] Rosenwald Fund
The Rosenwald Fund was established in 1917 by Julius Rosenwald and his family for "the well-being of mankind." Unlike other endowed foundations, which were designed to fund themselves in perpetuity, The Rosenwald Fund was intended to use all of its funds for philanthropic purposes. It donated over 70 million dollars to public schools, colleges and universities, museums, Jewish charities and black institutions before funds were completely depleted in 1948.
The school building program was one of the largest programs administered by the Rosenwald Fund. Using state-of-the-art architectural plans initially drawn by professors at Tuskegee Institute [1], over four million dollars was spent to build 4,977 schools, 217 teachers' homes, and 163 shop buildings in 883 counties in 15 states, from Maryland to Texas. The Rosenwald Fund used a system of matching grants, and black communities raised more than $4.7 million to aid in construction [2]. These schools became known as "Rosenwald Schools." By 1932, the facilities could accommodate one third of all African American children in Southern schools.
[edit] Preservation
In some communities, surviving structures have been preserved for their historical character. In 2002, the National Trust for Historic Preservation named Rosenwald Schools near the top of the country's most endangered places [3]. Some have found new uses; Walnut Cove Colored School in Stokes County, North Carolina won a National Preservation Honor Award for its rehabilitation of a Rosenwald School for use as a senior citizens' community center.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- Diane Granat, Saving the Rosenwald Schools
- Rosenwald Schools Initiative sponsored by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, the Initiative seeks to help preserve Rosenwald Schools, which it calls "beacons of African American education."
- History of the Rosenwald School Program
