Romney, West Virginia during the American Civil War

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The city of Romney, Virginia (now West Virginia) traded hands between the Union Army and Confederate States Army dozens of times during the American Civil War. The story of the small town is emblematic of the many military campaigns that swept through western Virginia and, later, the new state of West Virginia.

Contents

[edit] 1861

  • Confederate Col. John C. Vaughn of the 3rd Tennessee was apparently stationed in Romney, from which, under orders of A.P. Hill of the 13th Virginia, he attacked Federal forces at New Creek on June 18.
  • Confederate Col. Angus McDonald was in command at Romney when it was attacked by Federals on September 23; McDonald had been advised by General Robert E. Lee on September 18 that the Federals were withdrawing from Romney. After feigning an attack through Mechanicsburg Gap, the Federals launched their main attack from Hanging Rock. On September 24, McDonald gave way before the stronger Federal force, but retook the town the next day as the disorganized enemy retreated across the South Branch bridge toward Keyser. Federal forces consisted of the 4th Ohio and 8th Ohio Infantry and some members of the Ringgold Cavalry under Capt. John Keys; Confederate forces were the 114th and 77th Virginia militia regiments.
  • On October 24, Federal Ohio and Virginia infantry (with some light artillery and Ringgold Cavalry) attacked through Mechanicsburg Gap; on October 26 the Confederate defenders fled. There was a skirmish at Wire Bridge as part of this assault. It was as a result of this Federal success that Col. Benjamin F. Kelley issued his "Address to the People of Hampshire County and the Upper Potomac". For a time after this, Federals under the command of Col. Samuel H. Dunning of the 5th Ohio Volunteer Infantry occupied Romney.

[edit] 1862

  • On January 7, an advance guard of Confederates was defeated by about 2,000 Federals under Colonel Dunning at Blue's Gap.
  • On January 10, Federal troopss under Frederick W. Lander evacuated Romney and Confederate cavalry under the command of Captains George F. Sheetz and E. H. Shans occupied the town; Brig. Gen. William W. Loring was placed in command and "Stonewall" Jackson returned to Winchester. This set the stage for General Jackson's resignation, which was declined.
  • On February 2–4 Confederate General Loring evacuated Romney.
  • On February 7, after General Jackson had been forced to withdraw his units to Winchester, Federal forces under General Lander reoccupied the town and later broke up "the rebel nest at Bloomery Gap."
  • Following apparent occupation by Confederates in the spring, Union Lt. Col. Stephen W. Downey of the 3rd Maryland Militia (the Potomac Home Brigade) took command of Federal troops at Romney on March 3; in early May, Downey left his troops there and received a new command in Pendleton County.
  • From April 24–28, the Federal Ringgold and Washington Cavalry were stationed in Romney.
  • During early 1862, Blenker's Federal division marched through Romney.
  • From September 13–15, Confederate Col. John D. Imboden occupied Romney for several days after a Federal withdrawal; he used the opportunity to set a successful ambush for Federal troops about two miles out of town.
  • On October 2 the 1st New York Cavalry passed through Romney.
  • On December 1 the Ringgold Cavalry skirmished with Confederates in Romney.
  • Captain Keys of the Ringgold cavalry was reported to have left Romney on December 22 for Winchester.
  • One week later, Brig. Gen. Robert H. Milroy and his cavalry escort passed through on his way to take command of Federal forces in Winchester.

[edit] 1863

  • On January 8 (or 11), Col. James Washburn had been ordered by General Kelley to fall back to Romney with his entire Union force; by January 20, Washburn was in Romney with a force of about 1,400 men. Some remained until the middle of March.
  • On April 7, Federals attacked Confederate partisan cavalry commander "Hanse" McNeill near Purgitsville, one day after his successful action at Burlington when he had captured Lt. William F. Speer and eleven of the Ringgold Cavalry's foraging party. Romney was securely in Federal hands at that time and remained so until the Confederates moved into the Shenandoah Valley as part of their second invasion of the North (the Gettysburg Campaign).
  • On June 7, General Lee commanded Imboden's cavalry to move against Romney in order "to attract the enemy's attention in Hampshire County." It is not clear exactly when Imboden took Romney again, for a Federal communication of June 13 implies that Romney was then being abandoned. Local tradition places Captain McNeill's Rangers in Romney around that time.
  • On June 19, the Ringgold Cavalry moved through Romney in one day.
  • On June 21, the Lafayette Cavalry came through Romney.
  • On July 22, Confederate scouts were reported to be moving in the direction of Romney following the assignment of General Imboden to the Valley District. After the retreat from Gettysburg, Confederates occupied the Shenandoah and South Branch valleys for a month or two until the Federals began to move in the area in large numbers. During the following months, Romney may have changed hands several times without official record.
  • On November 6, Campbell's Federal brigade left Romney.
  • On November 16, Confederate Captain McNeill with 170 cavalry captured 25 prisoners, 80 wagons, and 255 horses near Burlington; this occurred during a time when General Lee felt that Romney, Petersburg, and Martinsburg were too strongly held for a direct Confederate attack. Lt. Col. John P. Linton and his Federals passed through Romney several times on his way to and from Springfield.

[edit] 1864

  • On January 5, Fitzhugh Lee passed through Romney, which Maj. Harry Gilmor and Captain McNeill had occupied a few days before; following their departure, Capt. Henry A. Meyers occupied Romney on January 8. Later in the month it was yet again recaptured by Confederates.
  • On February 3, a detachment of Thomas L. Rosser's unit (part of Jubal A. Early's command) entered Romney. In a complicated set of circumstances, Romney was occupied once or twice daily between February 1 and 3 inclusive. A detachment of the 8th New York Heavy Artillery was among the units involved.
  • Sometime after the middle of March, Union cavalry moved through Romney.
  • On May 10, Col. Jacob Higgins, commanding about 500 Federal cavalry, was surprised by detachments of Imboden's cavalry; he tried to rally his men "on the plains of Romney" but was pushed out of town. On May 11 Imboden departed.
  • About two weeks later, the Ringgold Cavalry again passed through town on a scouting mission.
  • About the middle of June, the Ringgolds passed through again.
  • On June 26, part of the Union 6th West Virginia Cavalry scouted Romney.
  • On July 3, the 6th West Virginia Cavalry returned to Romney.
  • On July 4, Confederates rang the courthouse bell in Romney to announce the approach of Federal scouts. During most of the month of July, McNeill and Harness were in the vicinity of Romney.
  • On July 10, Confederates again briefly occupied Romney.
  • On July 14, McNeill was again in Romney.
  • On July 20, the Federal 6th West Virginia Cavalry again was in town.
  • On August 6, Confederate scouts stationed at Romney warned McCausland of an impending attack upon his forces by General Averell who came through Romney that day. Averell successfully attacked McCausland at Moorefield and took approximately 420 prisoners.
  • On August 28 McNeill was said to yet again be in Romney.
  • On November 6, Union scouts passed through town.
  • On November 26, members of the 6th West Virginia Cavalry camped in Romney.
  • On December 25 scouts from 22nd Pennsylvania Cavalry passed through town.

[edit] 1865

  • On February 5, Union cavalry passed through Romney.
  • On February 21, the Confederate McNeill's Rangers, now under the command of Captain McNeill's son, lieutenant Jessee McNeill, passed through Romney going to and from Cumberland, where they carried out the daring kidnap of Generals George Crook and Benjamin Kelley.
  • Maxwell and Swisher's History of Hampshire County states that Romney was held for the last time by Confederate forces on April 15, when parts of the companies line(?) and Harness were in the vicinity of Romney. Local tradition states that McNeill's Rangers surrendered at Sycamore Dale near the Romney bridge in May.
  • Edward H. McDonald and George F. Sheetz (two members of the "Laurel Brigade") came through town, escaping from Virginia after General Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House.

[edit] 1866–1867

[edit] References

  • Official Records
  • Maxwell, Hu, and Swisher, H.L., History of Hampshire County, West Virginia : from its earliest settlement to the present. Parsons, West Virginia: McClain Printing Co., 1897.
  • Bright, Simeon Miller. "The McNeill Rangers: A Study in Confederate Guerrilla Warfare." West Virginia History Journal, Volume 12, Number 4 (July 1951), pp. 338-387 (online http://www.wvculture.org/history/journal_wvh/wvh12-1.html)

[edit] See also


U.S. cities in the Civil War
North: Cincinnati - Cleveland - Harrisburg - New York City - Philadelphia - Washington, D.C.
Border / disputed states: Baltimore - Louisville - Romney, WV - St. Louis
South: Atlanta - Charleston - Columbia - Mobile - Nashville - New Orleans - Petersburg - Richmond - Selma - Vicksburg - Winchester - Wilmington
Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org../../../r/o/m/Romney%2C_West_Virginia_during_the_American_Civil_War_9ba2.html"