Romansh

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Romansh Rumantsch
Spoken in:	Switzerland, Italy
Region:	Graubünden
Total speakers:	50,000–70,000
Language family:	Indo-European  Italic   Romance    Italo-Western     Western Romance      Gallo-Iberian       Gallo-Romance*[1]        Gallo-Rhaetian         Romansh
Official status
Official language of:	Switzerland
Regulated by:	no official regulation
Language codes
ISO 639-1:	rm
ISO 639-2:	roh
ISO 639-3:	roh
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-​based pronunciation key.

Romansh (also spelled Rumantsch, Romansch or Romanche) is one of the four national languages of Switzerland, along with German, Italian and French. It is one of the three Rhaeto-Romance languages, believed to have descended from the Vulgar Latin variety spoken by Roman era occupiers of the region, and, as such, somewhat resembles Italian, French, Spanish and Catalan. It is spoken by about 50,000^[1]-70,000 people in the canton of Graubünden (Grisons), of which about 35,000 speak it as their first language. Spoken by fewer than 1% of Switzerland's 7.4 million inhabitants, it is the smallest of Switzerland's national languages in terms of number of speakers, about half the size of Switzerland's largest community of speakers of non-official languages (Serbo-Croatian), with some 111,000 speakers.

Contents 1 Dialects 2 Standardization 3 Official status in Switzerland 4 Literature 5 Alphabet and Phonology 5.1 Letters 5.2 Consonants 5.3 Vowels 6 Lexis 7 Some common expressions 8 See also 9 External links 10 Footnotes

[edit] Dialects

Romansh is an umbrella term covering a group of closely-related dialects, spoken in southern Switzerland and all belonging to the Rhaeto-Romance language family. The other members of this language family are from northern Italy: Ladin, with which Romansh is more closely related, is spoken by some 20,000 in the Dolomite mountains of Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol, and Friulian is spoken by around 500,000-600,000 people in northeastern Italy.

The five largest dialects in the Romansh family are:

• The Rhine Dialects
  • Sursilvan — in the Vorderrhein (Rain anteriur), including Lumnezia, Foppa, Cadi (Surselva)
  • Sutsilvan — in the Hinterrhein (Rain posteriur), including Plaun, Tumliasco, Schons (Sutselva)
  • Surmiran — in the Julia and Albula valleys, including Surses, Sutses (Surmeira)
• The Engadine or Ladin Dialects
  • Puter — the upper Engadine valley (Engiadin' Ota)
  • Vallader — the lower Engadine valley (Engiadina Bassa) and the Mustair valley (Val Müstair)

Puter and Vallader are sometimes referred to as one specific variety known as ladin, as they have retained this word to mean "Romansh". However, ladin is primarily associated with the closely related language in Italy's Dolomite mountains also known as Ladin. The ISO 639 language codes are rm and roh.

Romansch is spoken in the Swiss canton of Grisons or Graubünden, "the Grey League", which preserves the name of the self-defense organization of Romance speakers set up in the 15th century. It became part of Switzerland in 1803. Germans once called this language Chur-Wälsch, "foreign speech of Chur", for Chur was once the center of Romansch. Chur, even its cross-river suburb Wälschdorfli "foreign village", now speaks German: Romansch survives only in the upper valleys of the Rhine and the Inn.

[edit] Standardization

Romansh was standardized in 1982 by Zürich-based linguist Heinrich Schmid. The standardized language, called Rumantsch Grischun, has not been very well accepted, and speakers of the different dialects tend to address one another in German. This is leading to an acceleration of the decline of the language. On the orthographic level, Schmid sought to avoid all "odd-looking" spellings, in order to increase general acceptability of the new idiom and its spelling. Therefore, words with /tɕ/ followed by /a/, /o/, /u/ have <ch> (for example chalanda) as both speakers of Engadin (chalanda) and the Rhine territory (calanda) expect a spelling with <c>. However, <che> and <chi> are pronounced /ke/ and /ki/, <k> being a grapheme deemed unfit for a Romance language such as Romansh; therefore, words with /tɕ/ plus /e/ or /i/ have <tg> (for example tgirar) instead of <ch>. The use of <sch> for both /ʃ/ and /ʒ/, and of <tsch> for /tʃ/ is taken over from German, making Romansh spelling a compromise between Romance (Italian, French) and German spelling.

The Lia Rumantscha is the umbrella organization for all Romansh associations.

[edit] Official status in Switzerland

Romansh has been recognized as one of four "national languages" by the Swiss Federal Constitution since 1938. It was also declared an "official language" of the Confederation in 1996, meaning that Romansh speakers may use their Romansh idiom for correspondence with the federal government and expect to receive a Romansh response – in Rumantsch Grischun, because the federal authorities use the standardized idiom exclusively. However, the Constitution specifies that only native Romansh speakers can claim this privilege.^[2]

In what the Federal Culture Office itself admits is "more a placatory and symbolic use" of Romansh, the federal authorities occasionally translate some official texts into Romansh and the official logo of the Confederation features all four languages. In general, though, demand for Romansh-language services is low, because according to the Federal Culture Office, Romansh speakers may either dislike the official Rumantsch Grischun idiom or prefer to use German in the first place, as most are perfectly bilingual.

On the cantonal level, Romansh is an official language only in the trilingual canton of Graubünden, where the municipalities in turn are free to specify their own official languages.

[edit] Literature

See also: Swiss literature#Romansch and Ladin branch

The emergence of Romansh as a literary language is generally dated to the mid-16th century. The Engadine dialect was first printed as early as 1552 in Jacob Bifrun's Christiauna fuorma, a catechism; a translation of the New Testament followed in 1560.

[edit] Alphabet and Phonology

[edit] Letters

The letters are:

A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, U, V, W, X, Y, Z, Ä, Ö, Ü

Name of the letters are:

a, be, tse, de, e, ef, ge, ha, i, jot/i lung, ka, el, em, en, o ,pe, ku, er, es, te, u , ve, ve dubel, iks, ipsilon/i grec, tset, ä, ö, ü

[edit] Consonants

The consonant phonemes of Romansh (Rumantsch Grischun) are set out in the following chart:

	Bilabial	Labio- dental	Dental and alveolar	Alveolo- palatal	Post- alveolar	Palatal	Velar
Stop	p  b		t  d				k  g
Affricate			ts	tɕ  dʑ	tʃ
Nasal	m		n			ɲ	ŋ
Fricative		f  v	s  z		ʃ  ʒ
Approximant			r			j
Lateral approximant			l			ʎ

[edit] Vowels

The vowel phonemes of Romansh are shown in the table below:

Monophthongs	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Mid	ə
Open-mid	ɛ	ɔ
Open	a

Diphthongs	Closer component is front	Closer component is back
Closing	ai	au
Opening	ie

Schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables. Vowel length is predictable:

• Unstressed vowels are short.
• Stressed vowels in closed syllables (those with a coda) are:

  long before /r/

  short elsewhere

• Stressed vowels in open syllables are:

  short before voiceless consonants

  long elsewhere

[edit] Lexis

Examples of Common Vocabulary

English	Surselvisch	Sutselvisch	Surmeirisch	Puter	Vallader	Rumantsch Grischun	Latin
gold	aur	or	or	or	or,aur,ar	aur	aurum
hard	dir	dir	deir	dür	dür	dir	dur
eye	egl	îl	îgl	ögl	ögl	egl	oculus
light, easy	lev	leav	lev	liger	leiv	lev	levis
three	treis	tres	treis	trais	trais	trais	tres
snow	neiv	nev	neiv	naiv	naiv	naiv	niveus
wheel	roda	roda	roda	rouda	rouda	roda	rota
cheese	caschiel	caschiel	caschiel	chaschöl	chaschöl	chaschiel	caseus
house	casa	tgeasa	tgesa	chesa	chasa	chasa	casa
dog	tgaun	tgàn	tgang	chaun	chan	chaun	canis
leg	comba	tgomba	tgomma	chamma	chomma	chomma	gamba
chicken	gaglina	gagliegna	gagligna	gillina	giallina	giaglina	gallus
cat	gat	giat	giat	giat	giat	giat	cattus
all	tut	tut	tot	tuot	tuot	tut	totus
shape	fuorma	furma	furma	fuorma	fuorma	furma	forma
I	jeu	jou	ja	eau	eu	jau	ego

[edit] Some common expressions

• Allegra. - Hello or welcome
• Co vai? - How are you?
• Fa plaschair. - Pleased to meet you.
• Bun di. - Good morning.
• Buna saira. - Good evening.
• Buna notg. - Good night.
• A revair. - Goodbye.
• A pli tard. - See you later.
• Perstgisai. - I beg your pardon.
• I ma displascha. - I'm sorry.
• Perdunai. - Excuse me.
• Per plaschair. - Please.
• Grazia fitg. - Thank you very much.
• Anzi. - You're welcome.
• Gratulazions. - Congratulations.
• Bun cletg. - Good luck.
• Ils quants è oz? - What's the date today?
• Quants onns has ti? - How old are you?
• Viva! - Cheers!

[edit] See also

• German Wikipedia entry on Heinrich Schmid, the linguist whose work on standardization of the language resulted in Rumantsch Grischun.

[edit] External links

• A Romansh Grammar in Romansh
• Radio Televisiun Rumantscha
• Information about the Romansh language
• Ethnologue report for Romansch
• Website of the Lia Rumantscha organization
• Romansch - English Dictionary
• Romansch - English Dictionary, different Romansch dialects
• Official Romansch-German/German-Romansh Dictionary
• An Account of the Romansh Language by Joseph Planta FRS, originally published in the 1776 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society
• Google Romantsch
• Google Directory - Romansh language

[edit] Footnotes

1. ^ BBC News. Imogen Foulkes: Swiss dig world's longest tunnel
2. ^ See art. 4 and 70 of the 1999 Swiss Federal Constitution. On the legal status of Romansh generally, see Isobel Leybold-Johnson. "Official Romansh still has some way to go", Swissinfo, September 21, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-21.