Rohingya language
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| Rohingya | ||
|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Myanmar, Bangladesh | |
| Region: | Arakan region of Myanmar, south-eastern Chittagong region of Bangladesh | |
| Total speakers: | ||
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Eastern Zone Bengali-Assamese Rohingya |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | inc | |
| ISO 639-3: | cit | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. See IPA chart for English for an English-based pronunciation key. | ||
Rohingya is a language spoken by the Rohingya Muslim people of Arakan (Rakhine), Burma (Myanmar). It is linguistically similar to the Chittagonian dialect spoken in neighboring Chittagong region of Bangladesh [1]. It also has a large number of Urdu, Persian Bengali, Arabic, Burmese and English words.
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[edit] Classification
Rohingya is a dialect of the Chittagonian language, which is a derivative of the Bengali language, part of the Bengali-Assamese sub-branch of the Eastern Zone of the Indo-Aryan language subfamily. This is a branch of the Indo-Iranian subfamily of the wider and more vast Indo-European language family. Its sister languages include, at different levels, Sylheti, Assamese, Bengali and also less directly all other Indo-Aryan languages such as Hindi, Bihari etc. Like other Indian languages, it is one of the many languages derived from Sanskrit. It is mutually intelligible with Chittagonian, of which Rohingya is a dialect, but it is not mutually intelligible with other Bengali-derived languages, including Bengali.
[edit] Script
[edit] History
Rohingyalish is a modern writing system of Rohingya language. The name is derived from the two words Rohingya and English due to the fact that it uses mainly Roman script which is completely different from that of previously used scripts such as Arabic, Urdu, Hanifi-Script or Burmese.
Written in Arabic script, the first Rohingya texts are 300 years old. While Arakan was under British rule (1826–1948), Rohingya people used mainly English and Urdu languages as basic means of written communication. After the independence in 1948, the national language Burmese has been used for all official communication.
Since the early 1960s, Rohingya scholars have started to realize the need for a writing system for their own dialect which is different from that of Arabic, Urdu, Persian and Burmese. In 1975, Master Sultan and his colleagues have developed a writing system using only Arabic script. Due to major shortcomings in Arabic script to represent the dialect, some other scholars have soon adopted Urdu script to narrow the gap. Since Rohingya dialect is one of the most difficult Asian languages, the Arabic and Urdu scripts cannot produce all needed sounds. Therefore, most of the Rohingyas still find it quite difficult to read either Arabic or Urdu script versions of the language.
In other hand, Molana Hanif and his colleagues have developed a new set of right-to-left oriented alphabets whose design is based on the Arabic script but which takes a few characters from the Latin and Burmese script. His approach solved the reading problem in certain degrees and received appreciation from Rohingya Islamic scholars who studied in Arabic and Urdu. However some criticized the design of his script as being very clumsy and needed longer time to memorize. Moreover, his alphabets are very similar to each other and one needs to write carefully to avoid confusion. In fact, the major drawback is that it would require enormous work to standardize the new alphabets in today's computers and Internet media and the hassle to write in right-to-left orientation.
Soon after Hanifi-script, a complete radical approach has been taken to develop the Rohingya language using Latin alphabets only simply to eliminate all possible difficulties to write in today's electronic media. The result is Rohingyalish that uses 26 English alphabets and five accented vowels along with the two other Latin characters used to represent the two distinguished Asian sounds known as the tongue rolling and the nasal sounds.
[edit] Alphabet
The writing system for Rohingya language uses Latin alphabet of A to Z along with two additional characters Ç and Ñ. Its character set table is shown below.
| A | B | C | Ç | D | E | F |
| G | H | I | J | K | L | M |
| N | Ñ | O | P | Q | R | S |
| T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z |
In addition to the normal vowels (AEIOU), the language also uses accented vowels (ÁÉÍÓÚ). To be able to type the accented vowels and the other two characters Ç and Ñ in your computer, configure your PC's Windows for US International keyboard instead of US-101 or US-102. Type a single quote( ' ) followed by A,E,I,O,U or C to get ÁÉÍÓÚÇ, or type (~) followed by N character to get Ñ.
Being one of the most difficult Asian dialects, it seems very hard to develop the Rohingya Language using Latin alphabets only. However, the designer's intuitive concepts have made the language not only perfect, but also, remarkably simple and easy to learn in minutes.
[edit] Use of C, Ç and Ñ
C is made equal to Sh. Unlike English, C is no more used to get the K sound (like Car) and S sound (like Cement). Instead of writing Shamish Rohingya Language writes as Camic (meaning spoon in Rohingya).
Ç is used for tongue-rolling-sound which can be closely represented by Rd and is one of the most widely used Asian sound. Instead of Sha-Rda, Rohingya Language writes as Caça (meaning mat in Rohingya).
Ñ is used for nasal sound which can be closedly represented as an'h and is also one of the most widely used Asian sound. Instead of Fan'h-s, Rohingya Language writes as Fañs (meaning five in Rohingya).
[edit] Vowels
A word in Rohingya dialect may give two different meanings, one is when it is pronounced in normal (soft) mode and the other is when pronounced in stressed (hard) mode. For example if the word Ful is pronounced in normal mode, its meaning is Bridge or hole, but in stressed mode, its meaning is Flower. Normal vowels are used for normal soft sounds and accented vowels are used for stressed hard sounds.
[edit] Normal vowels
Vowels (aeiou) give you soft sounds such as Ful meaning bridge or hole.
[edit] Stressed vowels
Vowels (áéíóú) give you stressed sounds such as Fúl meaning flower.
[edit] Examples
Normal vowel usage Stressed vowel usage
Sal = roof, Sál = tree bark
Fan = betel leaf, Fán = trap
Bet = cane (n.), Bét = intention
Tel = oil, Thél= push
Tir = arrow, Tír = up-right position
Fir = person achieved Fír =turn
religious light,
Gor = do, Gór = home
Zor = fever, Zór = rain
Ful = bridge or hole, Fúl = flower
Sul = hair, Súl = skin (v.)
[edit] Phonemic vowel
As All Ask Eye Me Men Ice Binary Hit Old Son Do For Use But Put
Rohingya language, unlike the English language, has fixed the sound of each vowel to a particular sound only, and thus maintain the same sound in all words. In the Phonemic vowel example above, only words -Ask, Men, Hit, For and Put- in the last column shows the correct vowel sounds that Rohingyalish chooses to use and all other vowel sounds in the remaining words are not used at all.
But, one disadvantage in doing so is that it missed one important sound that is the sound of true (o) as used in English word Old in the Phonemic vowel example above. Solution to this problem seems to create a new vowel character, but instead, joint-vowels (ou) is used for representing the true (o) sound as drawn in the fig between o and u.
[edit] Rohingya vowel set
In all, Rohingya has a total of six vowels in each vowel category (normal and stressed) as below.
Normal vowel set..: a e i o u ou Stressed vowel set: á é í ó ú óu
"América on full tour" is an easy to remember English phrase that shows the sound of each Rohingyalish vowel. Similarly, "Alemi modú houli" is an easy to remember Rohingya language phrase which means International Honey Center.
[edit] Examples
Fata (Fa-tha) = leaves (n.) Melé (MayLáy) = can be opened Cíçi (Shí-Rdi) = ladder (note: "ç" gives tongue rolling sound) Foró (fawráu) = read Futú (Fu-thú) = baby Gouru (Go-Ru) = cow Ciñçí (Shiñ-Rdí) = letter (note: "ñ" gives nasal sound)
[edit] Straight and Circular sounds
In Rohingya dialect, there are mainly two types of sound formations, the straight sound formations and the circular sound formations.
[edit] Straight sounds
Straight sounds are those that are formed by using a single vowel such as a, e, i, o, u and ou. As discussed before, Rohingyalish adapted mono-sound to these vowels.
[edit] Circular sounds
Circular sounds are those that are formed by using two vowels, the 2nd one being always (i) such as ai, ei, oi and ui. The sound of each vowel pair is explained below.
Ai: pronounced as āy, i, or i?e.
For the sake of simplicity Rohingyalish considers the alphabet y as a consonant only. As a result My, By and etc. are not valid words any more, for y is used here as a vowel. To tackle this problem ai is used in place of y such as Mai and Bai. Similary the English words Hi and Fi are phonetically equal to Hai and Fai in Rohingyalish. Likewise English words Mile, Fine, Rise are phonetically expressed, in Rohingyalish, as Máil, Fáin, Ráis. These rules greatly reduce the ambiguity in vowel usages and make the language much easier.
Ei: pronounced as æi, aei, or a?e.
Rohingyalish ei is almost equal to English ai. For example, English words main, fail, faik, tailor, mail, nail, rail, sail, tail are phonetically equal to méin, féil, féik, téilar, méil, néil, réil, séil, théil in Rohingyalish. Similarly the words cane, sale, same, ate, plane can be phonetically written as kéin, séil, séim, éit, pléin in Rohingyalish.
Oi: pronounced as oui or oei (not wy, wai, oy, or y).
This is one of the most frequently used circular sound in Rohingya Language. Unfortunately, the sound of oi here is different from that of English one. English oi sounds like wy or oy such as in English words soil, coin, noice, rollroyce. But Rohingyalish oi sounds like oui or oei such as in Rohingya words Loi (=take), Boi (=sit), Ói (=yes), Goijjé (=done), Soil (=rice), Thoin (=tin), Moinna (=sharp) and so on. It is really hard to find an English word that can represent the Rohingya oi sound.
Ui: pronounced as wui.
This sound is the same as it is used in English words such as Quik, Quit, Buik. Some examples of Rohingya words are Kuissa (=worm), Tui (=you), Muillo (=value), Gúijja (=covered).
[edit] Examples
(1)Straight-Sound Words:
Fatol (Fa-thol) = thin
Meçi (May-Rdi) = soil
Bála (Bha-la) = good
Salu (Sa-lu) = fast
Bouli (Bo-li) = fatty
(2)Circular-Sound Words:
Gail (Gy-il) = scolding
Beil (Bay-il) = sun
Soil (Sou-il) = rice
Tui (Thui) = you, you are
(3)Circular and Straight Sound together Words:
Failla (Fy-illa) = dish
Mouloi (Mo-loui) = teacher
Balúic (Ba-lúish)= pillow
(4)A Rohingya sentense that gives all circular sounds.
Hailla Meillós Tui Óineh?
(Hylla May-il-loss thui óui-nayy?) = Yesterday opened, you, yes?
[edit] Long sounds and variants
[edit] Long sounds
In Rohingya dialect, the meaning of a word changes if you extend the sound of the vowel within the word. To make the extended sound different from the normal short sound Rohingyalish uses double vowels as illustrated below.
Normal Sound Extended Sound do (Dau) = give, doo (Daw) = knife no (Nau) = nine(9) noo (Naw) = small boat zo (Zau) = go zoo (Zaw) = lucky period dhor (Dhau-r)= afraid dhoor (Dhaw-r) = heavy rain mana (Ma-na) = make agree maana (Ma-a-na)= free nek (nay-k) = husband neel (nay-el) = leave nil (nil) = bamboo-skin biili (be-e-li)= birth given lady mur (Mu-r) = deep muu (mu-wu) = face
In the examples above, single o, a, e, i or u are used in the words (left side) for short sounds, while double oo, aa, ee, ii or uu are used in the words (right side) for long sounds.
[edit] Variants
The Rohingya dialect is very sensitive in extending the sound, as there are four ways of extending the sound. The first one, which is the simplest, has been discussed above where double vowels(i.e aa) are used. The other three variants differed on how the double vowels are replaced with the accented vowels, either the 1st one(áa), the second one(aá), or both vowels(áá) are accented as illustrated below with examples.
Four long vowels Pronunciation Meaning
1. gaa (Ga-a) = body
2. gáa (Gha-a) = infection
3. gaá (Ga-ah) = sing
4. gáá (Gha-ah) = expressing animal or natural sound
Rohingya example: Gaat mazé gáa óiye-dé manúic-cwá gana gaár.
The man with the infection in the body is singing.
In the example above, the 1st word has double normal vowels aa that gives normal steady extension of sound. The 2nd word is started with normal sound (normal a) and ended with raised sound (accented á). Th 3rd word is started with raised sound(á) but ended with normal(a) sound. The 4th word is both started and ended with raised sounds(áá) which is not actually used in normal Rohingya talks but rather embedded in the talks to simulate the animal or natural sounds such as Dúúm the falling sound.
[edit] Examples
fool (Fawl) = mad , foól (Fau-auhl) = fault hoor (Hawr) = cloth, hoór (Hau-auhr) = curse muu (Mu-u) = face, muúntu(Mu-uhn-tu) = in front of neel (Ne-el) = out, meél (Me-ehl) = factory boól (Bo-ohl)= ball, sóol (sauh-aul) = sheep
[edit] Dual Alphabets
There are some Rohingya sounds for which no direct alphabet exists, and usually, the solution to that problem is to use two (or more) joint-alphabets as shown below. For the natural easiness of Rohingya language, Rohingyalish has in some cases, interchanged the sound of the original alphabet with the sound of the joint-alphabets such as D with Dh, and T with Th. Therefore 'D' is pronounced as English 'The' and, 'Dh' is pronounced as English 'Di' (not Dy). Likewise, 'Ta' is pronounced as English 'Tha' and, 'Tha' is pronounced as English 'Ta' as seen below.
Rohingya English Examples Examples Alphabets equivalent Rohingya words English words D = the Dut(=milk), Dak(=mark) Father, Gather Dh = d Dhañço(=thick), Dhak(=call) Dome, Dog H' = h Háva(=air),Hát(=hand) Hello H = kh Háiyi(=eaten), Hóro(=soar) Khaled(name) Kh = kh Kháled(name), Khátu(name) Khaled, Khatu(name) N = n Norom(=soft), Nun(=salt) North, Noon Ng = ng Ngapúra(village name) Ngapura(village name) Ny = ny Nyong-Cóng(village name) Nyaung Chaung(village name) T = th Tua(=search) Teeth, Thin Th = t Thambu(=tent) Tent, Tin Ts = ts Tsáni(=next in Arabic) Tsunami
[edit] Rohingya Grammar
[edit] Articles (definite)
The (singular) The (plural)
Kéti án (The farm) Kéti ún (The farms)
Fothú án (The picture) Fothú ún (The pictures)
Fata wá (The leave) Fata ún (The leaves)
Boro wá (The head-man) Boro ún (The head-men)
Lou ún (The blood)
As seen above, any noun ending with a vowel (a,e,i,o,u) follows either án or wá if singular, or follows ún if plural. Usually wá is used for round-volume objects while án is used for flat-thin objects.
Debal lán (The wall) Debal lún (The walls) Mes sán (The table) Mes sún (The tables) Kitap pwá (The book) Kitap pún (The books) Manúic cwá (The man) Manúic cún (The men)
As seen above, if the noun ends with a consonant letter then that consonant is taken as the first letter in the article formation followed by án or wá as before. However, if the noun ends with r, then g comes as the first letter of the article as shown below.
Tar gán (The wire) Tar gún (The wires) Duar gán (The door) Duar gún (The doors) Kuñir gwá (The dog) Kuñir gún (The dogs) Faár gwá (The mountain) Faár gún (The mountains)
[edit] Articles (indefinite)
A (singular) A (plural)
Uggwá fata (A leave) Hodún fata (Some leaves)
Ekkán fothú (A picture) Hodún Fothú (Some pictures)
or or
Fata uggwá (A leave) Fata hodún (Some leaves)
Fothú ekkán (A picture) Fothú hodún (Some pictures)
Indefinite articles can be used either before or after the noun. Uggwá usually is used for roll/round/volume shaped objects where ekkán is for thin/flat shaped objects.
[edit] Syntax
Unlike English, Rohingya word order is Subject + Object + Verb.
Subject Object Verb Aññí(I) bát(rice) hái(eat). Ite(He) TV(TV) saá(watches). Ibá(She) sairkél(bicycle) soré(rides). Ítara(They) hamot(to work) za(go).
[edit] Tenses
Rohingya can describe all 12 different tenses where verb-form changes and/or helping verbs are added. See the examples below.
If the verb(háir/hár) or the helping verb(félair/félaar) end with ir/ar then it means the action is currently happening now. The verb(háat) or helping verb(félaat) ending with at means the action is happening but in the past or future. If they follow with táikki then the action took place in the past and, táki in the future.
Félai means the action has been already completed. The suffix yi/ye, lám/l and youm/bou means the action takes place in Present, Past or Future respectively.
Note that the verb-form does not change by gender but by degree of persons. The suffix ir, yi, lám and youm are used for the first person and ar, ye, l and bou are used for 3rd person. A Separate table is used for the 2nd person.
For 1st and 3rd persons(I/he/she/they):
1. Present (a)Aññí/Ite hái/há. (I/He eats.) (b)Aññí/Ite háir/hár. (I/He am/is eating.) (c)Aññí/Ite hái félaiyi/félaiye. (I/He have/has eaten.) (d)Aññí/Ite hái félair/félaar. (I/He have/has been eating.) 2. Past (a)Aññí/Ite háailam/háail. (I/He ate.) (b)Aññí/Ite háat táikkilám/táikkil. (I/He was eating.) (c)Aññí/Ite hái félailám/félail. (I/He had eaten.) (d)Aññí/Ite hái félaat táikkilám/táikkil. (I/He had been eating.) 3. Future (a)Aññí/Ite hái youm/bou. (I/He will eat.) (b)Aññí/Ite háat tákiyoum/tákibou. (I/He will be eating.) (c)Aññí/Ite hái félaiyoum/félaibou. (I/He will have eaten.) (d)Aññí/Ite hái félaat tákiyoum/tákibou. (I/He will have been eating.)
For 2nd person(You):
1. Present (a)Tuñí/Tui hóo/hós. (You eat.) (b)Tuñí/Tui hóor. (You are eating.) (c)Tuñí/Tui hái félaiyó/félais. (You have eaten.) (d)Tuñí/Tui hái féloor. (You have been eating.) 2. Past (a)Tuñí/Tui háailá/háailí. (You ate.) (b)Tuñí/Tui háat táikkilá/táikkilí. (You were eating.) (c)Tuñí/Tui hái félailá/félailí. (You had eaten.) (d)Tuñí/Tui hái félaat táikkilá/táikkilí. (You had been eating.) 3. Future (a)Tuñí/Tui hái bá/bí. (You will eat.) (b)Tuñí/Tui háat tákibá/tákibí. (You will be eating.) (c)Tuñí/Tui hái félaibá/félaibí. (You will have eaten.) (d)Tuñí/Tui hái félaat tákibá/tákibí. (You will have been eating.)
[edit] Pronouns
| number | person | gender* | pronouns | possessive adjectives |
|||
| subject | object | possessive | reflexive | ||||
| singular | 1st | m/f (I) | aññí | añáre | añár | nizebaze | añár |
| 2nd | m/f (you) | tuñí | tuáñré | tuáñr | tuñínize | tuáñr | |
| 3rd | m (he) | ite | ítare | ítar | ítenize | ítar | |
| f (she) | íba | íbare | íbar | íbanize | íbar | ||
| n (it) | yían | yíanóre | yíanór | yíannize | yíanór | ||
| plural | 1st | m/f (we) | añára | añáráre | añárár | añáránize | añárár |
| 2nd | m/f (you) | tuáñrá | tuáñráre | tuáñrár | tuáñránize | tuáñrár | |
| 3rd | m/f/n (they) | ítara | ítararé | ítarar | ítaranize | ítarar | |
* m=male f=female n=neuter
[edit] See also
- Chittagonian
- Bengali language
- Chittagong
- Rohingya people
- Rakhine state
[edit] External links
For further information on Rohingya Language please refer the following links.
