Rock of Gibraltar
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The Rock of Gibraltar, sometimes called the Pillar of Hercules, is located in Gibraltar, off the southwestern tip of Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. It is 426 meters (1,396 feet) high. This Rock is owned by the United Kingdom, and borders Spain. The ownership of Gibraltar was transferred to the United Kingdom of Great Britain by the Treaty of Utrecht after a war between Britain and Spain. Found on the rock is a population of barbary monkeys. These and the mines at the top of the rock attract tourists.
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[edit] Geology
The Rock of Gibraltar is a monolithic Jurassic limestone promontory. () The geological formation was created when the African tectonic plate collided tightly with Europe about 5 million years ago. The Mediterranean became a lake that, in the course of time, dried up during the Messinian salinity crisis. About five million years ago the Atlantic Ocean broke through the Strait of Gibraltar, and the resultant flooding created the Mediterranean Sea.
[edit] Fortification
The inside of the Rock is criss-crossed by a great and complex system of underground fortifications, known as the Great Siege Tunnels. This network of tunnels was begun by the British in 1782, during the Great Siege of Gibraltar by the Spanish. After the Siege, the fortifications were rebuilt. In the 1800s, the walls were lined with Portland stone which gave them their present white appearance. When World War II broke out in 1939, the civilian population was evacuated to the United Kingdom, Jamaica, and Madeira so that Gibraltar could be fortified against the possibility of a German attack. By 1942 there were over 30,000 British soldiers, sailors, and airmen on the Rock. The tunnel system was expanded and the Rock became a keystone in the defense of shipping routes to the Mediterranean.
In February 1997, it was revealed the British had a secret plan called Operation Tracer to bury alive service men in the rock in case it was captured by the Germans during World War II. The team in the rock would have radio equipment to monitor enemy movements. The team of six was sent to Gibraltar where it waited under cover for two and half years. The Germans never got close to capturing the rock, so the men were never sealed inside, and they were disbanded to resume civilian life when the war ended.
[edit] Invincibility
Despite long sieges it seemed that there was nothing that could destroy the Rock or its people. This history has inspired the simile "solid as the Rock of Gibraltar", which is used to describe a person or situation that cannot be overcome and does not fail. The motto of the Royal Gibraltar Regiment, Nulli Expugnabilis Hosti, reflects this famous invincibility; it is Latin for "Conquerable by No Enemy".
[edit] Popular references
- The Rock of Gibraltar is the corporate logo of Prudential Financial.
- Gibraltar Industries Inc., a large steel manufacturer, is listed on the NASDAQ under the stock symbol ROCK.
