Robust control
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In robust control, the word "robust" means that the controller or regulator should work well (e.g., achieve stability) even if the system to be controlled differs from the model employed. Thus, robustness means tolerance to errors in system identification (or to changes in the system during the time): even if the mathematical model of the system is slightly incorrect, the controlled system should be stable (perhaps also close to "optimal").
In some examples, robustness of a regulator (e.g., PID) could mean sufficient stability over a large bandwidth (instead of optimal stability for some specific bandwidth).