Robert Byrd
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| Robert C. Byrd | |
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| In office January 6, 1987 – January 3, 1989 |
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| Preceded by | Bob Dole |
| Succeeded by | George J. Mitchell |
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| In office January 4, 1977 – January 3, 1981 |
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| Preceded by | Mike Mansfield |
| Succeeded by | Howard Baker |
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| Incumbent | |
| Assumed office January 3, 1959 – Serving with Jay Rockefeller |
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| Preceded by | W. Chapman Revercomb |
| Succeeded by | Incumbent (2013) |
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| Born | November 20, 1917 (age 89) North Wilkesboro, North Carolina |
| Political party | Democratic |
| Spouse | Erma Ora Byrd (deceased) |
| Religion | Baptist |
Robert Carlyle Byrd (born November 20, 1917) is the senior United States Senator from West Virginia and a member of the Democratic Party. Byrd has held the office since January 3, 1959, making him the longest-serving member of the Senate in history. He is also currently the longest-serving and oldest member of the United States Congress.
A resolution was passed on January 4, 2007 that made Byrd President pro tempore of the United States Senate of the 110th United States Congress, a position which puts him third in line to the presidency behind Vice President Dick Cheney and House Speaker Nancy Pelosi. Previously he held this post from 1989 to 1995, briefly in January 2001 and again from June 2001 to January 2003.
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[edit] Early life
Byrd was born Cornelius Calvin Sale Jr. in North Wilkesboro, North Carolina, in 1917. When he was one year old, his mother, Ada Mae Kirby, died in the 1918 Flu Pandemic. In accordance with his mother's wishes, his father, Cornelius Calvin Sale,[1] dispersed the family children among relatives. Sale Jr. was given to the custody of an aunt and an uncle, Vlurma and Titus Byrd, who renamed him Robert Byrd and raised him in the coal-mining region of southern West Virginia. His parents inculcated in him "the typical southern viewpoint of the time," Byrd has written.[citation needed]
Byrd graduated as valedictorian of his high school class and, in 1937, married his high school sweetheart Erma Ora James. It was twelve years before he could afford to go to college.[citation needed] He eventually attended Beckley College (now Mountain State University), Concord College (now Concord University), Morris Harvey College (now the University of Charleston), and Marshall College (now Marshall University), all in West Virginia. He worked as a gas-station attendant, grocery-store clerk, shipyard welder during World War Two, and butcher before he won a seat in the West Virginia House of Delegates in 1946, representing Raleigh County. He served there from 1947 to 1950, when he was elected to the West Virginia Senate from 1951 to 1952. After taking a decade of night classes while in Congress, he graduated from American University's Washington College of Law in 1963.
[edit] Participation in the Ku Klux Klan
In the early 1940s, when Byrd was 24 years old, he joined the Ku Klux Klan, which he had seen holding parades in Matoaka, West Virginia, as a child. His father had also been a Klan member[2]. Byrd was unanimously elected to be the leader, known as the Exalted Cyclops, of his local chapter.[3]
Byrd, in his autobiography, attributed the beginnings of his political career to this incident, although he lamented that they involved the Klan. According to Byrd's recollection, Klan official Joel L. Baskin told him, "You have a talent for leadership, Bob... The country needs young men like you in the leadership of the nation." Byrd recalls that "suddenly lights flashed in my mind! Someone important had recognized my abilities. I was only 23 or 24, and the thought of a political career had never struck me. But strike me that night, it did."[3] He participated in the KKK for a period of time during World War II, holding the titles "Kleagle", which indicated a Klan recruiter, and "Exalted Cyclops". Byrd did not serve in the military during the war, working instead as a welder in a Baltimore shipyard, assembling warships.
Byrd commented on the 1945 controversy raging over the idea of racially integrating the military. In his book When Jim Crow Met John Bull[4], Graham Smith referred to a letter written that year by Byrd, when he was 28 years old, to segregationist Senator Theodore Bilbo of Mississippi, in which Byrd vowed never to fight:
- Rather I should die a thousand times, and see Old Glory trampled in the dirt never to rise again, than to see this beloved land of ours become degraded by race mongrels, a throwback to the blackest specimen from the wilds."[5]
He had earlier written Bilbo:
When running for Congress in 1952, he announced, "After about a year, I became disinterested, quit paying my dues, and dropped my membership in the organization. During the nine years that have followed, I have never been interested in the Klan." During this campaign, "Byrd went on the radio to acknowledge that he belonged to the Klan from 'mid-1942 to early 1943,' according to newspaper accounts. He explained that he had joined 'because it offered excitement and because it was strongly opposed to communism.' "[3] However, as late as 1946 or 1947, when he was 29 years old, he was still at least somewhat involved in promoting the KKK, as evidenced by a letter that he wrote to a Grand Wizard stating "The Klan is needed today as never before and I am anxious to see its rebirth here in West Virginia" and "in every state in the nation."[8]
In 1997, he told an interviewer he would encourage young people to become involved in politics, but: "Be sure you avoid the Ku Klux Klan. Don't get that albatross around your neck. Once you've made that mistake, you inhibit your operations in the political arena."[9] In his latest autobiography, Byrd explained that he was a member because he "was sorely afflicted with tunnel vision — a jejune and immature outlook — seeing only what I wanted to see because I thought the Klan could provide an outlet for my talents and ambitions." [10] Byrd also said in 2005: "I know now I was wrong. Intolerance had no place in America. I apologized a thousand times . . . and I don't mind apologizing over and over again. I can't erase what happened."[3]
[edit] Congressional service
In 1952, Byrd was elected as a member of the United States House of Representatives for the 6th district of West Virginia, succeeding E.H. Hedrick, who had decided to step down to run for Governor of West Virginia. He was reelected to the House twice. In 1958, he was elected to the United States Senate, defeating the Republican incumbent W. Chapman Revercomb. He has been reelected eight times. Ironically, for his first four terms, Byrd was West Virginia's junior senator. This was because his colleague from 1959 to 1985, Jennings Randolph, had been elected on the same day in a special election to fill the seat of the late Senator Matthew Neely.
While Byrd faced some vigorous Republican opposition in the past, he has not faced truly serious opposition since freshman congressman Cleve Benedict took a run at him in 1982. He has since won by comfortable margins. Despite his tremendous popularity in the state, he has only run unopposed once, in 1976. On three other occasions — in 1994, 2000 and 2006— he carried all 55 of West Virginia's counties. In his reelection bid in 2000, he won all but seven of West Virginia's precincts. 2nd District Congresswoman Shelley Moore Capito the daughter of one of Byrd's longtime foes, former governor Arch Moore, Jr., briefly weighed a challenge to Byrd in 2006, but decided against it. Ironically, Capito represents much of the territory Byrd once represented in the House. In the 1960 Presidential election primaries, Byrd, a close ally of Lyndon B. Johnson, then Senate Majority Leader, tried and failed to derail the Democratic front-runner and ultimately successful candidate John F. Kennedy in the crucial West Virginia primary.
On November 7, 2006, Byrd was elected to an unprecedented ninth consecutive term in the Senate. He became the longest-serving senator in American history on June 12, 2006, surpassing Strom Thurmond of South Carolina with 17,327 days of service.[11] Previously, he already held the record for the longest unbroken tenure in the Senate (Thurmond served 48 years in total, but vacated the office between April and November of 1956). Counting his tenure as a West Virginia state legislator from 1947 to 1953, Byrd has served as an elected official for almost 60 years and has never lost an election. Byrd has cast a total of 17,745 votes as of September 13, 2006 — the most of any senator in history. Upon the death of Senator George Smathers of Florida on January 20, 2007 - Byrd became the last living United States Senator from the 1950's [12]. This means that not only has Byrd outlived every other Senator who had seniority over him, but he has remained in the Senate the entire time while doing it (something likely no other Senator has ever accomplished). He is on pace to pass Carl Hayden of Arizona as the longest-serving member of Congress (House and Senate tenure combined) in American history sometime in early 2010. Byrd is the last remaining Senator to have voted on a statehood bill and has served longer in the Senate than eight of his colleagues (Bob Casey, Jr., Amy Klobuchar, Blanche Lincoln, John Thune, David Vitter, Barack Obama, Mark Pryor, and John E. Sununu) have been alive.
Byrd is the currently the chairman of the United States Senate Committee on Appropriations. Byrd was first appointed to the committee by then-Majority Leader Lyndon B. Johnson when he first entered the Senate in 1959. Since 1989, he has been the committee's top Democrat and has chaired the committee when the Democrats have control of the Senate. Byrd is also a member of the Committee on Armed Services, the Committee on Rules and Administration and the Committee on the Budget.
[edit] Filibuster of the Civil Rights Act of 1964
Byrd joined with other Southern and border state Democrats to filibuster the Civil Rights Act of 1964, personally filibustering the bill for 14 hours — a move he now says he regrets.[13] Despite an 83 day filibuster in the Senate, both parties in Congress voted overwhelmingly in favor of the Act, and President Johnson signed the bill into law.[14] He also opposed the Voting Rights Act of 1965, but voted for the Civil Rights Act of 1968. In 2005, Byrd told the Washington Post that his membership in the Baptist church led to a change in his views. In the opinion of one reviewer, Byrd, along with other Southern and border state Democrats, came to realize that he would have to temper "his blatantly segregationist views" and move to the Democratic Party mainstream if he wanted to play a role nationally.[3]
[edit] Leadership roles
Byrd has been a member of the Democratic leadership since 1967, when he was elected as secretary of the Senate Democratic Conference (caucus). He became Senate Majority Whip, or the second-ranking Democrat, in 1971. From 1977 to 1989 Byrd was the leader of the Senate Democrats, serving as Senate Majority Leader from 1977–81 and 1987–89 and as Senate Minority Leader from 1981–87.
In 1976, Byrd was the "favorite son" candidate in West Virginia's primary. His easy victory gave him control of the delegation to the national convention. His real goal was to become Senate majority leader to succeed Mike Mansfield.[citation needed] Byrd had the inside track as majority whip. Byrd focused most of his time on campaigning for the office of majority leader, more so than for re-election to the Senate, as he was virtually unopposed for his fourth term. By the time the vote for majority leader was at hand, he had it so wrapped up that his lone rival, Minnesota's Hubert Humphrey, withdrew before the balloting took place.
Byrd is well known for steering federal dollars to West Virginia, one of the country's poorest states. In fact, he is called by some the "King of Pork."[15] After becoming chair of the Appropriations Committee in 1989, Byrd sought to steer, over time, a total of $1 billion for public works in the state.[citation needed] He passed that mark in 1991, and the steady stream of funds for highways, dams, educational institutions, and federal agency offices has continued unabated over the course of his membership. More than thirty pending or existing federal projects bear Byrd's name. He commented on his reputation for attaining funds for projects in West Virginia in August 2006 when he called himself "Big Daddy" at the dedication to the Robert C. Byrd Biotechnology Science Center.[16] He is close friends with Ted Stevens (R-AK), with whom he alternated as chairman of the committee from 1995 to 2001. Stevens is also legendary for sending federal money back to his home state. Their relationship has been strained in recent years, however, over Byrd's recent stands on U.S. foreign policy.
Byrd is also known for using his knowledge of parliamentary procedure: Before the "Reagan Revolution", Byrd frustrated Republicans with his encyclopedic knowledge of the inner workings of the Senate. From 1977–79 he was described as "performing a procedural tap dance around the minority, outmaneuvering Republicans with his mastery of the Senate's arcane rules."[17] In 1988, while Majority Leader, he moved a call of the senate, which was adopted by the majority present, in order to have the Sergeant at Arms arrest members not in attendance. One member (Robert Packwood, R-OR) was escorted back to the chamber by the Sergeant-at-Arms in order to obtain a quorum.[18]
As the longest-serving Democrat in the Senate, Byrd was President pro Tempore of the Senate from 1989 until the Republicans won control of the Senate in 1995. When the Senate was evenly split between parties after the 2000 elections, Byrd was president pro tempore again briefly in 2001, when outgoing Vice President Al Gore's tiebreaking vote temporarily gave the Democrats a majority. He stepped down when Vice President Dick Cheney's tiebreaking vote gave the Republicans a majority. When Senator Jim Jeffords of Vermont left the Republican party to become an independent he again became president pro tem from June 2001 until Republicans retook the Senate in January 2003. During the times he served as president pro tempore he was the fourth person in the line of presidential succession. On November 14, 2006, he was again elected President Pro Tempore of the United States Senate, as a result of the 2006 Senate Elections.
[edit] Scholarships and TAH History Grants
In 1969, Byrd launched a Scholastic Recognition Award; he also began to present a savings bond to valedictorians from high schools, public and private, in West Virginia. In 1985 Congress approved the nation's only merit-based scholarship program funded through the U.S. Department of Education, which Congress later named in Byrd's honor. The Robert C. Byrd Honors Scholarship Program initially comprised a one-year, $1,500 award to students with "outstanding academic achievement" and who had been accepted for enrollment at an institution of higher learning. From 1993 onwards, the program began providing four-year scholarships; students who received the first-year scholarship then could apply for stipends for the next three years.[19]
In 2002 Byrd secured unanimous approval for a major national initiative to strengthen the teaching of "traditional American history" in the K12 public schools.[20] The Department of Education awards in competition $50 to $120 million a year to school districts (in sums of about $500,000 to $1 million). The money goes to teacher training programs, operated in conjunction with universities or museums, geared to improving the content skills of history teachers. Referred to as a "Byrd Grant," these awards come under the “Learning the Lessons of American History” initiative to strengthen and improve the teaching of American history in the schools.[21]
[edit] Senate historian
Television cameras were first introduced to the U.S. House of Representatives on March 19, 1979, with the launch of C-SPAN. Fearing that Americans only saw the Congress as the House of Representatives, Byrd believed that Senate proceedings should be televised to prevent the Senate from becoming the "invisible branch" of government. Thanks in part to Byrd's efforts, cameras came to the Senate floor in June 1986. To help introduce the public to the inner workings of the legislative process, Byrd launched a series of speeches based on his examination of the Roman Republic and the intent of the Framers. Byrd published a four volume series on Senate history: The Senate: 1789–1989.
For that work, the American Historical Association, presented Byrd with the first Theodore Roosevelt–Woodrow Wilson Award for Civil Service on January 8, 2004. The honorific award is intended to recognize individuals outside the academy "who have made a significant contribution to history." During the 1980s, he delivered a hundred speeches on the floor dealing with various aspects of the Senate's history, which were published in four volumes as The Senate, 1789–1989: Addresses on the History of the Senate (Government Printing Office, 1989–94). The first volume of his series won the Henry Adams Prize of the Society for History in the Federal Government as "an outstanding contribution to research in the history of the Federal Government." He also published The Senate of the Roman Republic: Addresses on the History of Roman Constitutionalism (Government Printing Office, 1995).
[edit] Byrd in music and cinema
Byrd was an avid fiddle player for most of his life, starting in his teens when he played in various square dance bands. Once he entered politics, he used his fiddling skills to attract attention and win votes. In 1978 when Byrd was Majority Leader, he recorded an album called U.S. Senator Robert Byrd: Mountain Fiddler (County, 1978). Byrd was accompanied by Country Gentlemen Doyle Lawson, James Bailey, and Spider Gilliam. Most of the LP consists of "old-timey" mountain music. Byrd covers "Don't Let Your Sweet Love Die," a Zeke Manners song, and "Will the Circle Be Unbroken." He has performed at the Kennedy Center and on Hee Haw. He can no longer play the fiddle due to the symptoms of what aides say is a benign essential tremor that affects his hands.[citation needed]
Senator Byrd also appeared in the Civil War movie Gods and Generals in 2003 along with former Virginia Senator George Allen as Confederate officers.[22]
[edit] Political views
[edit] Voting record
Despite his long tenure as a member of the Senate Democratic leadership, Byrd is one of the more independent-minded Senate Democrats. He has a reputation for putting the interests of the Senate and West Virginia above the interests of his party.
On occasion, Byrd disagreed with President Bill Clinton's policies. Byrd initially said that the impeachment proceedings against Clinton should be taken seriously and conducted completely. Although he harshly criticized any attempt to make light of it, he made the motion to dismiss the charges against the president and effectively suspend proceedings. Even though he voted against both articles of impeachment, he was the sole Democrat to vote for the censure of Clinton[23]. He strongly opposed Clinton's 1993 efforts to allow gays to serve in the military and has also supported efforts to limit gay marriage. However, he opposed the Federal Marriage Amendment, arguing that it was unnecessary because the states already had the power to ban gay marriages.[24] However, when the amendment came to the Senate floor he was one of the two Democratic Senators who voted in favor of the cloture motion.[25] He also opposes affirmative action.
He also voiced praise for George W. Bush's nomination of Judge John Roberts to fill the vacancy on the Supreme Court created by the death of Chief Justice William Rehnquist. Likewise, Byrd supported the confirmation of Samuel Alito to replace retiring Associate Justice Sandra Day O'Connor. Like most Democrats, however, Byrd opposes Bush's tax cuts and his proposals to change the Social Security program.
Byrd is opposed to the Flag Desecration Amendment, saying that, while he wants to protect the American flag, he believed that amending the constitution "is not the most expeditious way to protect this revered symbol of our Republic." In response to the amendment, Byrd has cosponsored S. 1370, a bill that prohibits destruction or desecration of the flag by anyone trying to incite violence or causing a breach of the peace. It also provides that anyone who steals, damages, or destroys a flag on federal property, whether a flag owned by the federal government or a private group or individual, can be imprisoned for up to two years, or can be fined up to $250,000, or both.[26]
In 2004, Byrd offered an amendment that would limit the personnel in Plan Colombia, but was defeated in the Senate. [27]
Byrd received a 65% vote rating from the League of Conservation Voters for his support of environmentally friendly legislation. [28] Additionally, he received a "liberal" rating of 65.5% by the National Journal—higher than six other Democratic senators.[29]
[edit] Race and race relations
On March 4, 2001, Byrd said race relations:
- "Are much, much better than they've ever been in my lifetime.... I think we talk about race too much. I think those problems are largely behind us ... I just think we talk so much about it that we help to create somewhat of an illusion. I think we try to have good will. My old mom told me, 'Robert, you can't go to heaven if you hate anybody.' We practice that. There are white niggers. I've seen a lot of white niggers in my time. I'm going to use that word. We just need to work together to make our country a better country, and I'd just as soon quit talking about it so much."[30]
Byrd's use of the term "nigger" created immediate controversy, When asked about it, Byrd apologized for the language: " 'I apologize for the characterization I used on this program,' he said. 'The phrase dates back to my boyhood and has no place in today's society. [...] 'In my attempt to articulate strongly held feelings, I may have offended people.' "[30]
Byrd said that he regrets voting against the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and would change it if he had the opportunity. In explanation of his vote he said, "We who were born in a southern environment...ought to get ahead of the curve and take down those [white only] signs ourselves. We shouldn't need a law to require us to do it."[citation needed] Byrd, however, said that he realized people were too set in their ways to integrate society on their own and therefore the Civil Rights Act became necessary.[citation needed] Byrd has also said that his views changed most dramatically after his teen-age grandson was killed in a 1982 traffic accident, which put him in a deep emotional valley." The death of my grandson caused me to stop and think," said Byrd, adding he came to realize that black people love their children as much as he does his.[31]
Byrd is the only Senator to have voted against the nominations of both Thurgood Marshall and Clarence Thomas to the United States Supreme Court. Marshall and Thomas are the only two African Americans to have been nominated to the court. Marshall's confirmation vote came in 1967 when Byrd and other segregationist senators were opposed to the idea of a black integrationist being placed on the court [32] His vote against Thomas in 1991, however, was largely along party lines with Byrd joining 45 other Democrats in their opposition to Thomas. [33]
In the NAACP's [34] Congressional Report Card for the 108th Congress (spanning the 2003–2004 congressional session), Byrd was awarded with an approval rating of 100% for favoring the NAACP's position in all 33 bills presented to the United States Senate regarding issues of their concern. Only 16 other Senators of the same session matched this approval rating. In June 2005, Byrd [35] proposed an additional $10 million in federal funding for the Martin Luther King memorial in Washington, DC, remarking that "With the passage of time, we have come to learn that his Dream was the American Dream, and few ever expressed it more eloquently."
In 2006, Byrd received 67% rating from the ACLU for supporting rights-related legislation [36].
[edit] War in Iraq
In the 107th Congress, Byrd suffered some legislative setbacks, particularly with respect to debates on homeland security. Byrd opposed the 2002 law creating the Homeland Security Department, saying it ceded too much authority to the executive branch. He led a filibuster against the resolution granting President George W. Bush broad power to wage a "preemptive" war against Iraq, but he could not get a majority of his own party to vote against cloture and against the resolution[37]. He also led the opposition to Bush's bid to win back the power to negotiate trade deals that Congress cannot amend, but lost overwhelmingly. But, in the 108th Congress, Byrd won his party's top seat on the new Homeland Security Appropriations Subcommittee.
Byrd was one of the Senate's most outspoken critics of the 2003 invasion of Iraq.
He appeared on March 7, 2003 on CNN's Larry King Live to discuss his U.S. Senate floor speeches against the Iraq War Resolution in 2002.
On March 19, 2003, when Bush ordered the invasion after receiving U.S. Congress approval, Byrd stated:
- "Today I weep for my country. I have watched the events of recent months with a heavy, heavy heart. No more is the image of America one of strong, yet benevolent peacekeeper. The image of America has changed. Around the globe, our friends mistrust us, our word is disputed, our intentions are questioned. Instead of reasoning with those with whom we disagree, we demand obedience or threaten recrimination."[38]
Byrd also criticized Bush for his speech declaring the "end of major combat operations" in Iraq, which Bush made on the U.S.S. Abraham Lincoln. Byrd stated on the Senate floor:
- "I do question the motives of a deskbound president who assumes the garb of a warrior for the purposes of a speech."[39]
On October 17, 2003, Byrd delivered a speech expressing his concerns about the future of the nation and his unequivocal antipathy to Bush's policies. Referencing the Hans Christian Andersen children's tale The Emperor's New Clothes, Byrd said of the president: "the emperor has no clothes." Byrd further lamented the "sheep-like" behavior of the "cowed Members of this Senate" and called on them to oppose the continuation of a "war based on falsehoods."
Byrd criticized what he saw as the stifling of dissent: "The right to ask questions, debate, and dissent is under attack. The drums of war are beaten ever louder in an attempt to drown out those who speak of our predicament in stark terms. Even in the Senate, our history and tradition of being the world's greatest deliberative body is being snubbed. This huge spending bill — $87 billion — has been rushed through this chamber in just one month. There were just three open hearings by the Senate Appropriations Committee on $87 billion — $87 for every minute since Jesus Christ was born — $87 billion without a single outside witness called to challenge the administration's line." Finally, Byrd quoted Nazi leader Hermann Göring who stated that rushing to war is easy if the proponent of war portrays opponents as unpatriotic.[40]
In July 2004, Byrd released the book Losing America: Confronting a Reckless and Arrogant Presidency about the Bush presidency and the war in Iraq.
Of the more than 17,000 votes he has cast as a Senator, Byrd says he is proudest of his vote against the Iraq war resolution.[41] However, Byrd has said he is opposed to the establishment of a timetable to withdraw American forces.
[edit] Gang of 14
On May 23, 2005, Byrd was one of fourteen Senators (who became known as the "Gang of 14") to forge a compromise on the use of the judicial filibuster, thus securing up and down votes for the judicial nominees and ending the need for a "nuclear option". Under the agreement, the senators would retain the power to filibuster a judicial nominee in only an "extraordinary circumstance". It ensured that the appellate court nominees (Janice Rogers Brown, Priscilla Owen and William Pryor) would receive a vote by the full Senate.
[edit] Congressional election results
1952–2000 election results are from the Clerk of the United States House of Representatives. [3] 2006 election results are from the West Virginia Secretary of State.[4]
| Year | Office | Incumbent | Party | Votes | Pct | Challenger | Party | Votes | Pct | 3rd Party | Party | Votes | Pct | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1952 | U.S. House | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 104,387 | 56% | Latelle M. LaFollette | Republican | 83,429 | 44% | |||||||
| 1954 | U.S. House | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 73,535 | 63% | Pat B. Withrow, Jr. | Republican | 43,685 | 37% | |||||||
| 1956 | U.S. House | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 99,854 | 57% | Cleo S. Jones | Republican | 74,110 | 43% | |||||||
| 1958 | U.S. Senate | W. Chapman Revercomb | Republican | 263,172 | 41% | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 381,745 | 59% | |||||||
| 1964 | U.S. Senate | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 515,015 | 68% | Cooper P. Benedict | Republican | 246,072 | 32% | |||||||
| 1970 | U.S. Senate | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 345,965 | 78% | Elmer Dodson | Republican | 99,658 | 22% | |||||||
| 1976 | U.S. Senate | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 566,359 | 100% | Unopposed | ||||||||||
| 1982 | U.S. Senate | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 387,170 | 68% | Cleve Benedict | Republican | 173,910 | 31% | William Hovland | Socialist Workers | 4,234 | 1% | |||
| 1988 | U.S. Senate | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 410,983 | 65% | M. Jay Wolfe | Republican | 223,564 | 35% | |||||||
| 1994 | U.S. Senate | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 290,495 | 69% | Stan Klos | Republican | 130,441 | 31% | |||||||
| 2000 | U.S. Senate | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 469,215 | 78% | David T. Gallaher | Republican | 121,635 | 20% | Joe Whelan | Libertarian | 12,627 | 2% | |||
| 2006 | U.S. Senate | Robert C. Byrd | Democratic | 296,276 | 64% | John Raese | Republican | 155,043 | 34% | Jesse Johnson | Mountain Party | 8,565 | 2% |
Note: Representative E.H. Hedrick (D) did not seek re-election in 1952 for West Virginia's 6th Congressional District; thus the seat did not have an incumbent. Therefore, Byrd was placed under the incumbent column because he had the same political affiliation as Hedrick.
[edit] 2006 re-election campaign
After several major Republican figures in the state decided not to run against Byrd, the Republican party convinced John Raese to run for this seat. Raese is the owner of radio stations and a newspaper in West Virginia. He ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. Senate in 1984 against then Governor Jay Rockefeller. In 1988, he ran against Governor Arch Moore for the Republican nomination and lost.
Raese won the May 2006 primary with 58 percent of the vote, defeating five other candidates. Byrd defeated him on November 7, 2006, securing a ninth consecutive term in the Senate.
[edit] Family
Byrd has two daughters, Mona and Marjorie, as well as several grandchildren and great-grandchildren.
- Wife: Erma Ora James Byrd (died March 26, 2006)
- Children: Mona Byrd Fatemi and Marjorie Byrd Moore
- Sons-in-Law: Mohammad Fatemi and Jon Moore
- Grandchildren: Erik Fatemi, Darius Fatemi, and Frederik Fatemi, Michael Moore (deceased), Mona Moore, and Mary Anne Moore
- Great-grandchildren: Caroline Byrd Fatemi, Kathryn Somes Fatemi, Anna Cristina Fatemi, Michael Yoo Fatemi, Emma James Clarkson and Hannah Byrd Clarkson.
Byrd is not related to Harry F. Byrd and Harry F. Byrd, Jr., both former U.S. Senators from Virginia.
[edit] Published writing
- Senator Robert C. Byrd. 2005. Robert C. Byrd: Child of the Appalachian Coalfields. ISBN 1-933202-00-9.
- Senator Robert C. Byrd. 2004. Losing America: Confronting A Reckless and Arrogant Presidency. ISBN 0-393-05942-1.
- Senator Robert C. Byrd. 2004. We Stand Passively Mute: Senator Robert C. Byrd's Iraq Speeches. ISBN 0-9755749-0-6.
- Senator Robert C. Byrd. 1995. Senate of the Roman Republic: Addresses on the History of Roman Constitutionalism. ISBN 0-16-058996-7
- Senator Robert C. Byrd. 1995. The Senate, 1789–1989: Classic Speeches, 1830–1993, Vol. 3. ISBN 0-16-063257-9
- Senator Robert C. Byrd. 1993. The Senate, 1789–1989: Historical Statistics, 1789–1992, Vol. 4. ISBN 0-16-063256-0
- Senator Robert C. Byrd. 1991. The Senate, 1789–1989, Vol. 2: Addresses on the History of the United States Senate. ISBN 0-16-006405-8
- Senator Robert C. Byrd. 1989. The Senate, 1789–1989, Vol. 1: Addresses on the History of the United States Senate. ISBN 0-16-006391-4
[edit] Placenames
Byrd is known for having amassed one of the largest number of placenames in the history of Congress. This has caused consternation among some of Senator Byrd's critics, due to the fact that toponyms are typically bestowed posthumously. Others say that the placenames are simply a testament to his long record of public service.
- Robert C. Byrd Academic and Technology Center at Marshall University, Huntington
- Robert C. Byrd Addition to the Lodge at Oglebay Park, Wheeling
- Robert C. Byrd Appalachian Highway System part of the Appalachian Development Highway System
- Robert C. Byrd Auditorium at the National Conservation Training Center, Shepherdstown
- Robert C. Byrd Biotechnology Science Center at Marshall University, Huntington
- Robert C. Byrd Bridge, between Huntington and Chesapeake, Ohio
- Robert C. Byrd Cancer Research Laboratory of West Virginia University, Morgantown
- Robert C. Byrd Center for Legislative Studies at Shepherd University, Shepherdstown
- Robert C. Byrd Center for Pharmacy Education at the University of Charleston, Charleston
- Robert C. Byrd Clinic at the West Virginia School of Osteopathic Medicine, Lewisburg
- Robert C. Byrd Clinical Addition to Veteran's Hospital, Huntington
- Robert C. Byrd Community Center, Pine Grove
- Robert C. Byrd Conference Center at Davis and Elkins College, Elkins
- Robert C. Byrd Drive, from Beckley to Sophia (Byrd's hometown)
- Robert C. Byrd Expressway, U.S. Highway 22, near Weirton
- Robert C. Byrd Federal Building & Courthouse, Beckley
- Robert C. Byrd Federal Building & Courthouse, Charleston
- Robert C. Byrd Green Bank Telescope, Green Bank
- Robert C. Byrd Hardwood Technologies Center, Princeton
- Robert C. Byrd Health and Wellness Center of Bethany College, Bethany
- Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center of West Virginia University, Morgantown
- Robert C. Byrd High School, Clarksburg
- Robert C. Byrd Hilltop Office Complex, Rocket Center
- Erma Ora Byrd Conference & Learning Center
- Robert C. Byrd Industrial Park, Moorefield
- Robert C. Byrd Institute for Advanced Flexible Manufacturing; Huntington, Charleston, Bridgeport & Rocket Center
- Robert C. Byrd Intermodal Transportation Center (and Parking Garage), Wheeling
- Robert C. Byrd Library & Robert C. Byrd Learning Resource Center at Mountain State University, Beckley
- Robert C. Byrd Locks & Dam, Gallipolis Ferry
- Robert C. Byrd Metals Fabrication Center, Rocket Center
- Robert C. Byrd National Aerospace Education Center, Bridgeport
- Robert C. Byrd National Technology Transfer Center at Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling
- Robert C. Byrd Rural Health Center at Marshall University, Huntington
- Robert C. Byrd Science and Technology Center at Shepherd University, Shepherdstown
- Robert C. Byrd Technology Center at Alderson-Broaddus College, Philippi
- Robert C. Byrd United Technical Center
- Robert C. Byrd Visitor Center at Harpers Ferry National Historical Park, Harpers Ferry
- (For Byrd's Wife) Erma Ora Byrd Center for Educational Technologies at Wheeling Jesuit University, Wheeling
- Robert C. Byrd Rooms in the Capitol Building (the office of the Senate Minority Leader)
[edit] Footnotes
- ^ http://www.wargs.com/political/byrd.html
- ^ MSNBC
- ^ a b c d e Pianin, Eric. "A Senator's Shame: Byrd, in His New Book, Again Confronts Early Ties to KKK", Washington Post, 2005-06-19, pp. A01. Retrieved on 2006-10-03. (in English)
- ^ Heretical
- ^ George Mason University
- ^ Robert C. Byrd, in a letter to Sen. Theodore Bilbo (D-MS), 1944
- ^ http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/06/18/AR2005061801105_2.html
- ^ King, Colbert I.Sen. Byrd: The view from Darrell's barbershop, Washington Post, March 2, 2002
- ^ "The Democrats' Lott." The Wall Street Journal, December 28, 2002
- ^ "Robert C. Byrd: Child of the Appalachian Coalfields" (June 2005) - West Virginia University Press ISBN 1-933202-00-9
- ^ The Hill
- ^ U.S. Senate
- ^ "Byrd Says He Regrets Voting For Patriot Act", Associate Press, 2006-02-28. Retrieved on 2006-10-03. (in English)
- ^ http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/minute/Civil_Rights_Filibuster_Ended.htm U.S. Senate, June 10, 1964: Civil Rights Filibuster Ended]
- ^ CAGW.org
- ^ Herald-Dispatch
- ^ The New York Times
- ^ http://www.c-span.org/questions/weekly12.asp
- ^ "Robert C. Byrd: A Lifelong Student". Retrieved November 4, 2006.
- ^ Historians.org
- ^ See U.S. Dept. of Education
- ^ 'Gods and Generals'—and Congress
- ^ U.S. Senate
- ^ Robert Byrd Senate Office
- ^ Human Rights Campaign
- ^ Robert Byrd 2006 Campaign
- ^ US Senate
- ^ [1]
- ^ National Journal
- ^ a b "Top Senate Democrat apologizes for slur", CNN, March 4, 2001.
- ^ C-SPAN
- ^ Williams, Juan. "Right Time, Right Man?". American Revolutionary.
- ^ [2]
- ^ NAACP
- ^ Robert Byrd Senate Office
- ^ ACLU
- ^ "Senate approves Iraq war resolution", CNN, October 11, 2002.
- ^ Byrd, Robert (Mar. 23, 2003). Why I weep for my country. The Observer.
- ^ Milbank, Dana (May 7, 2003). Explanation for Bush's Carrier Landing Altered. The Washington Post.
- ^ Common Dreams
- ^ CNN
[edit] External links
- U.S. Senator Robert C. Byrd official Senate site
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Federal Election Commission - Robert C Byrd campaign finance reports and data
- New York Times - Topics: Robert C. Byrd collected news stories and commentary
- On the Issues - Robert Byrd issue positions and quotes
- OpenSecrets.org - Robert C. Byrd campaign contributions
- Project Vote Smart - Senator Robert C. Byrd (WV) profile
- SourceWatch Congresspedia - Robert C. Byrd profile
- Washington Post - Congress Votes Database: Robert Byrd voting record
- Robert C. Byrd Honors Scholarship Program
- Byrd 2006 for West Virginia official campaign site
Articles
- If This Is the Senate's Soul... Michael Grunwald, Washington Post, June 18, 2006
- Why did the Post protect Byrd's image? Byron York, The Hill, June 23, 2005
- A Senator's Shame Eric Pianin, Washington Post, June 19, 2005
- The United States Senate designates Robert Byrd as President Pro Tempore Emeritus of the United States Senate The Library of Congress THOMAS, January 15, 2003
| Committee | Position |
|---|---|
| Appropriations | Committee Chairman, Subcommittee Chairman |
| Armed Services | |
| Budget | |
| Rules and Administration |
| United States Senate Majority Leaders |  |
|---|---|
| Lodge • Curtis • Watson • Robinson • Barkley • White • Lucas • McFarland • Taft • Knowland • Johnson • Mansfield • Byrd • Baker • Dole • Byrd • Mitchell • Dole • Lott • Daschle • Lott • Daschle • Frist • Reid |
| United States Senate Minority Leaders | |
|---|---|
| Underwood • Robinson • McNary • Austin • McNary • White • Barkley • Wherry • Bridges • Johnson • Knowland • Dirksen • Scott • Baker • Byrd • Dole • Daschle • Lott • Daschle • Lott • Frist • Daschle • Reid • McConnell |
| United States Senators from West Virginia |  |
|---|---|
| Class 1: Van Winkle • Boreman • Caperton • Price • Hereford • Camden • Faulkner • Scott • Chilton • Sutherland • Neely • Hatfield • Holt • Kilgore • Laird • Revercomb • Byrd Class 2: Willey • Davis • Kenna • Camden • S Elkins • D Elkins • Watson • N Goff • D Elkins • G Goff • Neely • Rosier • Shott • Revercomb • Neely • Hoblitzell • Randolph • Rockefeller |
| West Virginia's current delegation to the United States Congress |
|---|
| Senators: Robert Byrd (D), Jay Rockefeller (D)
Representative(s): Alan B. Mollohan (D), Shelley Moore Capito (R), Nick Rahall (D) All delegations: Alabama • Alaska • Arizona • Arkansas • California • Colorado • Connecticut • Delaware • Florida • Georgia • Hawaii • Idaho • Illinois • Indiana • Iowa • Kansas • Kentucky • Louisiana • Maine • Maryland • Massachusetts • Michigan • Minnesota • Mississippi • Missouri • Montana • Nebraska • Nevada • New Hampshire • New Jersey • New Mexico • New York • North Carolina • North Dakota • Ohio • Oklahoma • Oregon • Pennsylvania • Rhode Island • South Carolina • South Dakota • Tennessee • Texas • Utah • Vermont • Virginia • Washington • West Virginia • Wisconsin • Wyoming — American Samoa • District of Columbia • Guam • Puerto Rico • U.S. Virgin Islands |
| Gang of 14 (in the United States Senate) |
|---|
| Republicans: McCain • Graham • Warner • Snowe • Collins • DeWine • Chafee Democrats: Lieberman • Byrd • Nelson • Landrieu • Inouye • Pryor • Salazar |
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