Retroflex consonant

In phonetics, retroflex consonants are consonant sounds used in some languages. (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants, especially in indology.) The tongue is placed behind the alveolar ridge, and may even be curled back to touch the palate: that is, they are articulated in the postalveolar to palatal region of the mouth.

The consonants commonly called "postalveolar", or more precisely "palato-alveolar", as well as the "alveolo-palatals", are also pronounced in the postalveolar region. However, they have an additional secondary articulation of palatalization. The consonants commonly called "palatal" are also pronounced in the palatal region, but are more precisely "dorso-palatal", meaning that they are dorsal (articulated with the dorsum or back of the tongue), rather than coronal like retroflex consonants.

In other words, retroflex consonants are coronal consonants articulated behind the alveolar ridge, which do not have the secondary articulation of palatalization.

Retroflex consonants, like other coronals, may involve several shapes of the tongue. The tongue may be flat, with the blade of the tongue (the top surface of the tongue near the tip) touching the roof of the mouth, as in Polish cz, sz, ż (rz), dż and Mandarin ch, zh, sh, r. This is termed laminal (laminal retroflex). Or they may be pronounced with the tip of the tongue, as in Hindi. This is termed apical (apical retroflex). Finally, the tongue may be curled back so that the underside touches the alveolar or pre-palatal region, as in many of the Dravidian languages. This is termed sub-apical (sub-apical retroflex)^[1].

[edit] Occurrence

Although data are not precise, about 20 percent of the world's languages contain retroflex consonants of one sort or another^[2]. About half of these possess only retroflex continuants, with most of the rest having both stops and continuants. Retroflex consonants do not occur in European languages except for some in Scandinavia (Swedish, Norwegian) or indigenous languages of Siberia. They are also absent from indigenous languages of the Americas with the exception of the extreme south of South America and an area in Southwestern US, as in Hopi and Papago. In African languages retroflex consonants are also very rare, occurring only in a few Nilo-Saharan languages.

Retroflex consonants are concentrated in the Indo-Aryan languages and the Dravidian languages of the Indian subcontinent. They also occur in some neighbouring languages such as Mandarin Chinese, Javanese and Vietnamese. The other major concentration is in the indigenous languages of Australia and the Western Pacific (notably New Caledonia). Here, most languages have retroflex plosives, nasal and approximants.

There are several retroflex consonants not yet recognized by the IPA. For example, the Iwaidja language of northwestern Australia has a retroflex lateral flap [ɺ̢] as well as a retroflex tap [ɽ] and retroflex lateral approximant [ɭ]; and the Dravidian language Toda has a sub-apical retroflex lateral fricative [ɬ̢] and a retroflexed trill [ɽ͡r]. Because of the regularity of deriving retroflex symbols from their alveolar counterparts, people will occasionally use a font editor to create the appropriate symbols for such sounds. (Here they were written with diacritics.) The Ngad'a language of Flores has been reported to have a retroflex implosive [ᶑ ], but in this case the expected symbol is coincidentally supported by Unicode.

Retroflex consonants identified by the International Phonetic Alphabet are:

IPA	Description	Example
IPA	Description	Language	Orthography	IPA	Meaning
	retroflex nasal	Swedish	Vänern	[vɛː.neɳ]	Vänern
	voiceless retroflex plosive	Hindi	टापू (ṭāpū)	[ʈɑpu]	island
	voiced retroflex plosive	Swedish	nord	[nuːɖ]	north
	voiceless retroflex fricative	Mandarin	上海 (Shànghǎi)	[ʂɑ̂ŋ.xàɪ]	Shanghai
	voiced retroflex fricative	Russian Polish	жаба żaba	[ʐaˑba]	toad
	retroflex approximant	Tamil	தமிழ் (Tamil)	[t̪ɐmɨɻ]	Tamil
	lateral retroflex approximant	Swedish	Karlstad	[kʰɑːɭ.sta]	Karlstad
	retroflex flap	Hausa	shaara	[ʃáːɽa]	sweeping
ɺ̢	retroflex lateral flap	Pashto	ﻛړو	[kɺ̢o]	to do

Note: In the International Phonetic Alphabet, the symbols for retroflex consonants are typically the same as for the alveolar consonants, but with the addition of a right-facing hook to the bottom of the symbol. Some linguists restrict these symbols for the "true" retroflex consonants with sub-apical palatal articulation, and use the alveolar symbols with the obsolete IPA underdot symbol for an apical post-alveolar articulation: [ṭ, ḍ, ṇ, ṣ, ẓ, ḷ, ɾ̣, ɹ̣]. Another solution, more in keeping with the official IPA, would be to use the rhotic diacritic for the apical retroflexes: [t˞, d˞, n˞, s˞, z˞, l˞, ɾ˞, ɹ˞]. Laminal retroflexes, as in Polish and Russian, are often transcribed with a retraction diacritic, as [s̱], etc. Otherwise they are typically but inaccurately transcribed as if they were palato-alveolar, as *[ʃ], etc.

[edit] See also

[edit] Reference

^ Peter Ladefoged and Ian Maddieson, The Sounds of the World's Languages. Blackwell Publishers, 1996. ISBN 0-631-19815-6
^ Ian Maddieson (with a chapter contributed by Sandra Ferrari Disner); Patterns of sounds; Cambridge University Press, 1984. ISBN 0-521-26536-3

Consonants (List, table)

Retroflex consonant

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[edit] Occurrence

[edit] See also

[edit] Reference

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