Regina Jonas
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Regina Jonas (August 3, 1902 - September 2, December 12, 1944) was a Berlin-born woman rabbi. was one of the German-Jewish scholars of the 20th century and a leader of Progressive Judaism. The historically first Jewish woman to pursue this career, be ordained and do social, theological and religious work as such.
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[edit] Early life
She became orphaned from her father when she was very young. Like many women at that time, she followed a career as a teacher. However Regina Jonas was not content with simply being a teacher. In Berlin, she enrolled at the Hochschule für die Wissenschaft des Judentums, Higher Institute for Jewish Studies - the Academy for the Science of Judaism, and took seminary courses for liberal rabbis and educators. There she graduated as an "Academic Teacher of Religion."
Still that did not satisfy her. Regina Jonas wanted to become a rabbi. She wrote a thesis that would have been an ordination requirement. Her topic was: "Can a Woman Be a Rabbi According to Halachic Sources?" Her conclusion, based on biblical, Talmudic, and rabbinical sources, was: Yes.. And thus, she should have been ordained.
[edit] Ordination
The Talmud professor responsible for ordinations refused to ordain her. Regina applied to Rabbi Leo Baeck, spiritual leader of German Jewry, who had taught her at the seminary. He also refused, perhaps because her ordination would have caused massive intra-Jewish communal problems with the Orthodox rabbinate in Germany.
On December 27, 1935 Regina Jonas received her Semicha and was ordained by the liberal Rabbi Max Dienemann in Offenbach, Hesse who was the head of the Liberal Rabbis’ Association. Being ordained was one thing, but finding a pulpit was another. Regina Jonas found work as a chaplain in various Jewish social institutions.
[edit] Persecution
Because of Nazi persecution many rabbis emigrated and so many small communities were without rabbinical support. How ironic: The duress of Nazi persecution made it possible for her to be a rabbi and to preach in a synagogue, but not for a long period. She was soon ordered - like all Jews - into forced labor. Despite this, she continued her rabbinical work, to teach and to preach.
On November 3, 1942, Regina Jonas had to fill out a declaration form. That declaration form listed her property — including her books. Two days later, all her property was confiscated "for the benefit of the German Reich." The next day, November 6, 1942 the Gestapo arrested her. She was deported to Theresienstadt. Even there her rabbinate did not end. Viktor Frankl, the well-known psychologist, asked her for help. He wanted to built up a crisis intervention service to improve the possibility of surviving by helping to prevent suicide attempts. Her particular job was to meet the trains at the station. There she helped people cope with shock and disorientation.
[edit] Life Work and Legacy
A hand-written list of 24 of her lectures entitled "Lectures of the One and Only Woman Rabbi, Regina Jonas," still exists and can still be found in the archives of Theresienstadt. Five lectures are about the history of Jewish women. five deal with Talmudic topics, two deal with Biblical themes,. three with pastoral issues, and nine offer general introductions to Jewish beliefs, ethics, and the festivals.
Regina Jonas worked tirelessly in Theresienstadt for two years. Finally, she was deported to Auschwitz where she was murdered. She was 42 years old .
In 1972 the reform and reconstructionist movement in the USA began to ordain women rabbis. In 1995 Bea Wyler, who had studied at the JTS in New York, became the first woman rabbi in post war Germany at the Jewish community of Oldenburg.
[edit] Rediscovery of Regina Jonas after 1991
http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=431619
http://www.brightonandhoveprosynagogue.org.uk/sermon-regina-jones.htm
[edit] Books
- Fräulein Rabbiner Jonas: The Story of the First Woman Rabbi,
Elisa Klapheck, Toby Axelrod (Translated by) ISBN 0-7879-6987-7
- University Over The Abyss. The story behind 520 lecturers and 2,430 lectures in KZ Theresienstadt 1942-1944. Second edition, April 2004, by Elena Makarova, Sergei Makarov & Victor Kuperman
[edit] External links
- [1] The First Woman Rabbi in the World.
- [2] St. Mary's college of Maryland:Rabbi Regina Jonas Memorial page.
- Theresienstadt Ghetto
