Red Fox

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Red Fox

Conservation status

Least Concern (IUCN) ^[1]

Scientific classification

Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Mammalia
Order:	Carnivora
Family:	Canidae
Genus:	Vulpes
Species:	V. vulpes

Binomial name

Vulpes vulpes
Linnaeus, 1758

Red Fox range

Synonyms

Vulpes fulva, Vulpes fulvus

The Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes, although some authorities use Vulpes fulva for the scientific name.) is the most familiar of the foxes. In Britain and Ireland, where there are no longer any other native wild canids, it is referred to simply as the "Fox". It has the widest range not just of any fox but of any terrestrial carnivore. As its name suggests, its fur is predominantly reddish-brown, but there is a naturally occurring grey morph, the Silver Fox; a strain of tame Silver Fox has been produced from these animals by systematic domestication.

1 Distribution
2 Physical description
3 Habitat and diet
4 Behaviour
5 Reproduction
6 Foxes and humans
7 Conservation problems of feral foxes in Australia
8 Subspecies
9 References
10 External links
11 Gallery

[edit] Distribution

Red fox (V. v. schrencki) lying in snow in Hokkaidō, Japan

The largest species within the genus Vulpes, the Red Fox has a native range spanning most of North America and Eurasia, with several populations in North Africa. A subspecies, the Japanese Red Fox (Vulpes vulpes japonica) migrated from India to China and eventually to Japan. It is also known by the Japanese name kitsune (狐). The Red Fox has been introduced to Australia, where it poses a serious conservation problem.^[2]

Three subspecies of Red Fox are found in India: Vulpes vulpes montana (the Tibetan Fox), found in Ladakh and the Himalayas, Vulpes vulpes griffithi (the Kashmir Fox) found in Jammu and Kashmir less the Ladakh sector, and Vulpes vulpes pusilla (the Desert Fox) found in the Thar desert of Rajasthan and in Kutch, Gujarat.

[edit] Physical description

A red fox sitting in a meadow in Denmark

The Red Fox is most commonly a rusty red, with white underbelly, black ear tips and legs, and a bushy tail with a distinctive white tip. The "red" tone can vary from crimson to golden, and in fact can be brindled or agouti, with bands of red, brown, black and white on each individual hair when seen close up.

In the wild, two other color phases are also seen. The first is silver or black, comprising 10% of the wild population and most of the farmed. Approximately 30% of wild individuals have additional black patterning, which usually manifests as a stripe across the shoulders and down the center of the back. This pattern forms a "cross" over the shoulders, hence the term "cross fox". "Domesticated" or farmed stock may be almost any color, including spotted, or "marbled", varieties.

The fox's eyes are gold to yellow and have distinctive vertically slit pupils, similar to those of a feline. They can see just as well too, and combined with their extreme agility for a canid the Red Fox has been referred to as "the cat-like canid". Its long bushy tail with distinctive white tip provides balance for acrobatic leaps and bounds. Its strong legs allow it to reach speeds of 45 miles per hour. That amazing speed makes it easy for them to catch their prey or to outrun their predators.

The Red Fox may reach an adult weight of 2.7-6.8 kg (6-15 lb),^[3] but this varies from region to region; European individuals being larger, on average, than those in North America.

During the autumn and winter, the Red Fox will grow more fur. This so-called 'winter fur' keeps the animal warm in the colder environment. The fox sheds this fur at the onset of spring, reverting back to the short fur for the duration of the summer.

[edit] Habitat and diet

Red fox with prey

The Red Fox is found in a variety of biomes, from prairies and scrubland to forest settings. It is most suited to lower latitudes but does venture considerably far north, competing directly with the Arctic Fox on the tundra. The Red Fox has also become a familiar sight in suburban and even urban environments both in Europe and in North America, where it shares territory with the much maligned raccoon. The Red Fox eats rodents, insects, fruits, worms, eggs, birds, and other small animals. It has 42 very powerful teeth that it uses to catch its food. The fox regularly consumes from 0.5–1 kg (1–2 lb) of food per day. In urban neighbourhoods, the fox probably depends mainly on scavenging household waste, though it will also take rodents and birds from gardens and wasteland.

Since it is so adaptable, it has a strong population that is above 20 million.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Behaviour

Living as it does in a wide variety of habitats, the Red Fox displays a wide variety of behaviours. In Biology and Conservation of Wild Canids, MacDonald and Sillero-Zubiri state that two populations of the Red Fox may be behaviorally as different as two species.

The Red Fox is primarily crepuscular with a tendency to becoming nocturnal in areas of great human interference (and artificial lighting); that is to say, it is most active at night and at twilight. It is generally a solitary hunter. If a fox catches more food than it can eat, it will bury the extra food (cache) to store it for later.

In general, each fox claims its own territory; it pairs up only in winter, foraging alone in the summer. Territories may be as large as 50 square kilometres (19 square miles); ranges are much smaller (<12 square kilometres (4.6 square miles)) in habitats with abundant food sources, however. Several dens are utilized within these territories; dens may be claimed from previous residents such as marmots, or dug anew. A larger main den is used for winter living, birthing and rearing of young; smaller dens are dispersed throughout the territory for emergency and food storage purposes. A series of tunnels often connects them with the main den. One fox may only need a square kilometre of land marked by recognition posts that are special smells that come from a scent gland located just above a fox's tail.

The Red Fox has been considered a monogamous species, however evidence for polygamy (polygyny and polyandry) includes males’ extra territorial movements during breeding season (possibly searching for additional mates) and males’ home ranges overlapping two or more females’ home ranges. Such variability is thought to be linked to variation in the spatial availability of key resources such as food.^[1]

The Red Fox primarily forms monogamous pairs each winter, which cooperate to raise a litter of 4–6 kits (also called pups) each year; but in various locales and for various incompletely explored reasons they may also practice polygamy (multiple males sharing a single female and/or vice versa). Young foxes disperse promptly on maturity (approx. 8-10 months).

The reason for this "group living" behaviour is not well understood; some researchers believe the non-breeders boost the survival rate of the litters while others believe there is no significant difference, and such arrangements are made spontaneously due to a resource surplus.

Socially, the fox communicates with body language and a variety of vocalizations. Its vocal range is quite large and its noises vary from a distinctive three-yip "lost call" to a shriek reminiscent of a human scream. It also communicates with scent, marking food and territorial boundary lines with urine and feces.

[edit] Reproduction

Fox kits nursing near the den.

The Red Fox breeding period varies widely due to its broad distribution; southern populations breed from December to January, central populations from January to February and northern populations from February to April. Females have an annual estrous period of between 1–6 days; ovulation is spontaneous. Copulation is loud and short, usually lasting no more than 20 seconds. Although a female may mate with several males (who fight amongst each other for the right), she will eventually settle with only one.

A fox kit sitting on a stone.

Males will supply food to females up to and after birthing, otherwise leaving the female alone with her kits (also called cubs or pups) in a "maternity den". An average litter size is 5 kits, but may be as large as 13. Kits are born blind and may weigh as much as 150 grams (0.33 pounds). Their eyes are open by two weeks and the kits have taken their first exploratory steps out of the den by five weeks; by 10 weeks they are fully weaned.

In autumn of the same year, the young foxes will disperse and claim their own territories. The Red Fox reaches sexual maturity by 10 months of age, and may live for 12 years in captivity but usually live 3 years in the wild.

[edit] Foxes and humans

The Red Fox has both positive and negative standing with humans, often being loved or hated. This has been most visible in the United Kingdom where fox hunting with dogs was a traditional sport, until this was made illegal on February 18, 2005. The fox features in much folklore (see Reynard), usually as a wily villain, though sometimes also as the underdog who triumphs over human efforts to control or destroy it.

Like other wild animals, foxes are considered vectors of disease. The Red Fox helps farmers by preying on animals that damage crops but is considered to be a pest by farmers involved in poultry farming. The Red Fox is of some importance in the fur industry.

Greater visibility in nature documentaries and sympathetic portrayals in fiction have improved the Red Fox's reputation and appeal in recent years. A prominent cultural impact is that on fox hunting, which became illegal in Scotland in August 2002 and in England and Wales in February 2005.

[edit] Conservation problems of feral foxes in Australia

Feral foxes in Australia pose a serious conservation problem. According to the Australian Government, the Red Fox was introduced to Australia for hunting in 1855, but has since become wide-spread, and is considered responsible for the decline in a number of species of native animals in the "critical weight range". In a program known as Western Shield, Western Australia state government authorities conduct aerial and hand baiting on almost 35,000 km² (8.75 million acres) to control foxes and feral cats. The West Australian conservation department, CALM, estimates introduced predators are responsible for the extinction of 10 native species in that state, while Western Shield targets the conservation of 16 others. In Tasmania, the possibility of foxes in the wild has caused considerable concern as the island state had been fox-free untill 2001. A large reward of $1000 per fox is now offered and $50,000 for information of the introduction. Generally foxes are controlled with baits or spotlighted by farmers (where by the eyeshine signature (from the tapetum in the eye) of foxes, body shape and silhouette are used to identify).

Success has also been found with the reintroduction of the native 'Australian Dog', the Dingo, which has been shown to control the number of feral foxes, and a consequential increase in native fauna^[4].

[edit] Subspecies

Vulpes vulpes abietorum
Vulpes vulpes aeygptica
Vulpes vulpes alascensis
Vulpes vulpes alpherakyi
Vulpes vulpes alticola
Vulpes vulpes anatolica
Vulpes vulpes arabica
Vulpes vulpes atlantica
Vulpes vulpes barbara
Vulpes vulpes beringiana
Vulpes vulpes cascadensis
Vulpes vulpes caucasica
Vulpes vulpes crucigera
Vulpes vulpes daurica
Vulpes vulpes diluta
Vulpes vulpes dolichocrania
Vulpes vulpes dorsalis
Vulpes vulpes flavescens
Vulpes vulpes fulva
Vulpes vulpes fulvus
Vulpes vulpes griffithi
Vulpes vulpes harrimani
Vulpes vulpes hoole
Vulpes vulpes ichnusae
Vulpes vulpes induta
Vulpes vulpes jakutensis
Vulpes vulpes japonica
Vulpes vulpes karagan
Vulpes vulpes kenaiensis
Vulpes vulpes krimeamontana
Vulpes vulpes kurdistanica
Vulpes vulpes macroura
Vulpes vulpes montana
Vulpes vulpes necator
Vulpes vulpes ochroxanta
Vulpes vulpes palaestina
Vulpes vulpes peculiosa
Vulpes vulpes pusilla
Vulpes vulpes regalis
Vulpes vulpes rubricosa
Vulpes vulpes schrencki
Vulpes vulpes septentrionalis
Vulpes vulpes silacea
Vulpes vulpes splendidissima
Vulpes vulpes stepensis
Vulpes vulpes topolica
Vulpes vulpes tschiliensis
Vulpes vulpes vulpecula
Vulpes vulpes vulpes
Vulpes vulpes waddelli

[edit] References

^ ^a ^b Macdonald, D.W. & Reynolds, J.C. (2004). Vulpes vulpes. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-09. Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern
^ http://www.deh.gov.au/biodiversity/invasive/publications/fox/index.html
^ Living with Fox in Massachusetts.
^ ECOS magazine 133 Oct-Nov 2006. Call for more dingoes to restore native species. Tracey Millen. [1] (Refers to the book Australia's Mammal Extinctions: a 50,000 year history. Christopher N. Johnson. ISBN-978-0521686600.