Red Army Faction

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The Red Army Faction (or Red Army Fraction; also commonly known as the Baader-Meinhof Group [or Gang] in German: Rote Armee Fraktion or simply RAF), was one of postwar West Germany's most active and prominent militant left-wing groups. It described itself as a communist "urban guerrilla" group engaged in armed resistance, while it was described by the West German government as a terrorist group. The RAF was formally founded in 1970 by Andreas Baader, Gudrun Ensslin, Horst Mahler, Ulrike Meinhof, Irmgard Möller and others.

The Red Army Faction operated from the 1970s to 1998, committing numerous crimes, especially in the autumn of 1977, which led to a national crisis that became known as "German Autumn". It was responsible for 34 deaths including many secondary targets such as chauffeurs and bodyguards—and many injuries in its almost 30 years of existence.

Amidst widespread media controversy, the German president is currently considering pardoning RAF member Christian Klar, who filed a pardon application years ago. RAF member Brigitte Mohnhaupt was granted a release on a five year parole by a German court on February 12, 2007. ^[1]

Contents 1 Background 2 Formation of the RAF 3 Custody and the Stammheim trial 4 Autumn 1977 (German Autumn) 5 The RAF in the 1980s and 1990s 6 Name 6.1 Faction versus Fraktion 6.2 RAF versus Baader-Meinhof 7 List of assaults attributed to the RAF 8 In fiction and art 9 References 10 External links

[edit] Background

The origins of the group can be traced back to the West German student protest movement. Industrialised nations in late 1960s experienced massive social upheavals stemming from dissatisfaction among both workers and students. Newly-found youth identity and issues such as racism, women's liberation and anti-imperialism were at the forefront of radical politics. The Communist Party of Germany had been outlawed since 1956. Elected and unelected government positions down to the local level were often occupied by ex-Nazis. There was anger at post-war denazification, seen by some as ineffective. The conservative media was considered biased by the radicals as they were owned and controlled by ardent right-wing capitalists such Axel Springer, who was implacably opposed to student radicalism. The late-1960s saw the emergence of the Grand Coalition between the two main parties - the SPD and CDU with Kurt Georg Kiesinger, a former Nazi Party member as chancellor. This horrified many on the left and was viewed as monolithic, political marriage of convenience with pro-NATO, pro-capitalist collusion on the part of the social democratic SPD. With 95% of the Bundestag controlled by the coalition, the APO or 'Extra-Parliamentary Opposition' was formed with the intent of generating protest and political activity outside of government.

Peaceful protests turned into riots on June 2, 1967, when Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, visited West Berlin. The Shah's security were armed with wooden staves and were free to beat protesters. After a day of lively protests by exiled Persians, a group widely supported by German students, the Shah visited the Berlin Opera, where a crowd of student protesters gathered. During the opera house demonstrations, a German student Benno Ohnesorg—who was attending his first protest—was fatally shot in the head by the West German police.

Along with perceptions of state and police brutality, and widespread opposition to the Vietnam War, Ohnesorg's death galvanised many young Germans, and became a rallying point for the West German New Left. It influenced the creation of the Movement 2 June, a militant-Anarchist group which took its name from the date of Ohnesorg's death. It also brought Thorwald Proll, Horst Söhnlein, Gudrun Ensslin, and Andreas Baader together, in a loose group that set fire to several German department stores as a protest against the Vietnam war. They were arrested in Frankfurt on April 2, 1968; while the four defendants were on trial, the journalist Ulrike Meinhof published several sympathetic articles in the political magazine konkret.

Meanwhile, on April 11, 1968, Rudi Dutschke, the leading intellect and spokesman for the student protests, was shot in the head in an assassination attempt by the right-wing extremist Josef Bachmann. Although badly injured, Dutschke returned to political activism until his death in 1979, a consequence of his injuries.

Axel Springer's tabloid newspaper Bild-Zeitung, which had headlines such as "Stop Dutschke now!", seemed the chief culprit for inciting the shooting. Meinhof commented: "If one sets a car on fire, that is a criminal offence. If one sets hundreds of cars on fire, that is political action."

[edit] Formation of the RAF

Baader and Ensslin managed to hide after their trial, but Baader was caught again in April 1970. On May 14, 1970, Baader was freed from custody by Meinhof and others. Baader, Ensslin, Mahler, and Meinhof then went to Jordan where they briefly trained for guerrilla warfare with the PLO.

When they returned to West Germany, they began what they called "anti-imperialistic fight", with bank robberies to raise money and arson attacks against U.S. military facilities, German police stations, and buildings of the Axel Springer press empire. A manifesto authored by Meinhof used the name "RAF" and the red-star logo with a Heckler & Koch MP5 submachine gun for the first time. After an intense manhunt, Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, Holger Meins, and Jan-Carl Raspe were caught in June 1972.

[edit] Custody and the Stammheim trial

After the arrest of the main protagonist of the first generation of the RAF, they were jailed individually in solitary confinement in the newly constructed high security Stammheim Prison in the north of Stuttgart. When Ensslin devised an "info system" using aliases for each member, the four prisoners were able to communicate again, circulating letters with the help of their defence counsels.

To protest against their treatment by authorities, they went on several coordinated hunger strikes; eventually, they were force-fed. Holger Meins died of self-induced starvation on 9 November 1974. After public protests, their conditions were somewhat improved by the authorities.

The so-called second generation of the RAF emerged at the time, consisting of sympathizers independent of the inmates. This became clear when, on February 27, 1975, Peter Lorenz, the CDU candidate for mayor of Berlin, was kidnapped by the June 2nd Movement (allied to the R.A.F) as part of pressure to engender the release of several other detainees. Since none of the detainees were on trial for murder, the state agreed, and those inmates (and therefore later Lorenz) were released.

On April 24, 1975, the German embassy in Stockholm was occupied by members of the RAF; two of the hostages were murdered as the German government under Chancellor Helmut Schmidt refused to give in to their demands. Two of the hostage-takers died from injuries they suffered when the explosives deployed by the terrorists detonated later that night.

On May 21, 1975, the Stammheim trial of Baader, Ensslin, Meinhof, and Jan-Carl Raspe began, named after a city district of Stuttgart where it took place. Possibly the most tense and controversial German criminal trial ever, the Bundestag had earlier changed the Code of Criminal Procedure so that several of the attorneys who were accused of serving as links between the inmates and the RAF's second generation could be excluded.

On May 9, 1976, Ulrike Meinhof was found dead in her cell, hanging from a rope made from jail towels. An investigation concluded that she had hanged herself, a result hotly contested at the time, spurring a plethora of conspiracy theories. Other theories suggest that she took her life because of being ostracized by the rest of the group.

During the trial, more attacks took place; among them, on April 7, 1977, Federal Prosecutor Siegfried Buback his driver and bodyguard were shot and killed by two RAF members while waiting at a red traffic light.

Eventually, on April 28, 1977, the trial's 192nd day, the three remaining defendants were convicted of several murders, more attempted murders, and of forming a terrorist organization; they were sentenced to life imprisonment.

[edit] Autumn 1977 (German Autumn)

Main article: German Autumn

On July 30, 1977, Jürgen Ponto, then head of Dresdner Bank, was shot and killed in front of his house in Oberursel in a kidnapping that went wrong. Those involved were Brigitte Mohnhaupt, Christian Klar, and Susanne Albrecht, the last being Ponto's goddaughter.

Following the convictions, Hanns Martin Schleyer, a former officer of the SS and NSDAP member who was then President of the German Employers' Association (and thus one of the most powerful industrialists in West Germany) was abducted in a violent kidnapping. On September 5, 1977, his driver was forced to brake when a baby carriage suddenly appeared in the street in front of them. The police escort vehicle behind them was unable to stop in time, and crashed into Schleyer's car. Five masked assailants immediately killed the three policemen and the driver and took Schleyer hostage.

A letter then arrived at the Federal Government, demanding the release of eleven detainees, including those from Stammheim. A crisis committee was formed in Bonn under the lead of Chancellor Helmut Schmidt, which, instead of acceding, resolved to employ delaying tactics to give the police time to ascertain Schleyer's location. At the same time, a total communication ban was imposed on the prison inmates, who were only allowed visits from government officials and the prison chaplain.

The state crisis dragged on for more than a month, while the Bundeskriminalamt carried out its biggest manhunt to date. Matters escalated when, on October 13, 1977, Lufthansa Flight 181 from Palma de Mallorca to Frankfurt was hijacked (Landshut Hijacking). A group of four Arabs took control of the plane (named Landshut). The leader introduced himself to the passengers as "Captain Mahmud" who would be later identified as Zohair Youssef Akache. When the plane landed in Rome for refuelling, he issued the same demands as the Schleyer kidnappers, plus the release of two Palestinians held in Turkey and payment of USD $15 million.

The Bonn crisis squad again decided not to give in. The plane flew on via Larnaca to Dubai, and then to Aden, where flight captain Jürgen Schumann, whom the hijackers deemed not fully cooperative, was brought before an improvised "revolutionary tribunal" and executed on October 16. The aircraft again took off, flown by the remaining co-pilot Jürgen Vietor, this time headed for Mogadishu, Somalia.

A high-risk rescue operation was led by Hans-Jürgen Wischnewski, then undersecretary in the chancellor's office, who had secretly been flown in from Bonn. At five past midnight (CET) on October 18, the plane was stormed in a seven-minute assault by the GSG 9, an elite unit of the German federal police. All four hijackers were shot; three of them died on the spot. Not one passenger was seriously hurt and Wischnewski was able to phone Schmidt and tell the Bonn crisis squad that the operation had been a success.

Half an hour later, German radio broadcast the news of the rescue, to which the Stammheim inmates listened on their radios. In the course of the night, Baader was found dead with a gunshot wound in the back of his head and Ensslin hanged in her cell; Raspe died in hospital the next day from a gunshot to the head. Irmgard Möller, who had several stab wounds in the chest, survived and was released from prison in 1994.

The official inquiry concluded that this was a collective suicide, but again conspiracy theories abounded. Some have questioned how Baader managed to obtain a gun in the high-security prison wing specially constructed for the first generation RAF members. Also, only a total commitment to her cause would have allowed Möller to have herself inflicted the four stab wounds found near her heart. However, independent investigations have shown that the inmates' lawyers were able to smuggle in weapons and equipment in spite of the high security. Möller claims that it was actually an extrajudicial killing, orchestrated by the German government, in response to Red Army demands that the prisoners be released.

On October 18, 1977, Hanns-Martin Schleyer was shot to death by his captors on route to Mulhouse, France. The next day, on October 19, Schleyer's kidnappers announced that he had been "executed" and pinpointed his location. His body was recovered later that day in the trunk of a green Audi 100 on the rue Charles Péguy.

The events in the autumn of 1977, possibly the biggest criminal and political showdown that Germany has experienced since the end of World War II, are frequently referred to as Der Deutsche Herbst ("German Autumn"). A two-part 1997 television mini-series by Heinrich Breloer called Todesspiel ("Death Game") gives a good account of the events, as far as they can be reconstructed today.

[edit] The RAF in the 1980s and 1990s

The collapse of the Soviet Union was a serious blow to left-wing groups, but well into the 1990s attacks were still being committed under the name "RAF". Among these were the killing of industrialist Ernst Zimmermann; another bombing at the US Air Force's Rhein-Main Air Base (near Frankfurt), which targeted the base commander and killed three bystanders; the death in a car-bombing of Siemens executive Karl-Heinz Beckurts; and the shooting of Gerold von Braunmühl, a leading official at Germany's foreign ministry. On November 30, 1989, Deutsche Bank chief Alfred Herrhausen was killed with a highly complex bomb when his car triggered a photo sensor, in Bad Homburg. On April 1, 1991, Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, leader of the government Treuhand organization responsible for the privatization of the East German state economy, was shot dead.

After German reunification in 1990, it was discovered that the RAF had received financial and logistic support from the Stasi, the security and intelligence organization of East Germany, which had given several members shelter and new identities, although this was already generally suspected at the time.^[2]

In 1992 the German government assessed that the RAF's main field of engagement now were extrication missions of former RAF-members. To weaken the organization further the government declared that some RAF-inmates would be released if the RAF refrained from violent attacks in the future. Hereafter the RAF announced their intentions to "take back the escalation" and stop their attacks on people.

The last action taken by the RAF took place in 1993 with a bombing of a newly built prison in Weiterstadt by subduing the officers on duty and planting explosives afterwards. Although no one was seriously injured this action caused property damage comprising 123 million Deutsche Marks (over 50 million euro).

The last big action against the RAF took place on June 27, 1993. A Verfassungsschutz (internal secret service) agent named Klaus Steinmetz had infiltrated the RAF. As a result Birgit Hogefeld and Wolfgang Grams were to be arrested in Bad Kleinen. Grams and Policeman Michael Newrzella died during the mission. While it was initially officially concluded that Grams committed suicide, others claimed his death was in revenge for Newrzella's. Two eyewitness accounts supported the claims of an execution-style murder. When this came to light it cost several German officials their jobs.

On April 20, 1998 an eight-page typewritten letter in German was faxed to the Reuters news agency, signed "RAF" with the machine-gun red star, declaring the group dissolved:

"Vor fast 28 Jahren, am 14. Mai 1970, entstand in einer Befreiungsaktion die RAF. Heute beenden wir dieses Projekt. Die Stadtguerilla in Form der RAF ist nun Geschichte."
("Almost 28 years ago, on May 14, 1970, the RAF arose in a campaign of liberation. Today we end this project. The urban guerrilla in the shape of the RAF is now history.")

[edit] Name

[edit] Faction versus Fraktion

The name was inspired by that of the Japanese Red Army, a Japanese leftist paramilitary group. The usual translation into English is the Red Army Faction however, the founders wanted it to reflect what they saw as not so much an orthodox political faction or splinter group but an embryonic militant unit or set of 'groupuscules' that was embedded in or part of a wider communist workers movement. The word fraction is used less in English today except in mathematics.

[1]

[edit] RAF versus Baader-Meinhof

The group always called itself the Rote Armee Fraktion, never the Baader-Meinhof Group or Gang. The name correctly refers to all incarnations of the organization: the "first generation" RAF, which consisted of Baader and his associates, the "second generation" RAF, which operated in the late 1970's after the group Socialist Patients' Collective was absorbed by it, and the "third generation" RAF, which existed in the 1980's and 90's.

The terms "Baader-Meinhof Gang" and "Baader-Meinhof Group" were the public's names for the organization during its first generation, and applies only until Baader's death in 1977. The organization never used these terms for themselves, but the German media used them to avoid legitimizing the movement. Although Meinhof was not considered to be a leader of the gang at any time, her involvement in Baader's escape from jail in 1970 led to her name becoming attached to it.[2]

[edit] List of assaults attributed to the RAF

Date	Place	Action	Remarks	Photo
11 May 1972	Frankfurt am Main	Bombing of US barracks	1 dead, 13 wounded
12 May 1972	Augsburg and Munich	Bombing of a police station in Augsburg and the Bavarian State Criminal Investigations Agency in Munich	5 police-officers wounded. Claimed by the Tommy Weissbecker Commando.
16 May 1972	Karlsruhe	Bombing of the car of the Federal Judge Buddenberg	His wife was driving the car and was wounded. Claimed by the Manfred Grashof commando.
19 May 1972	Hamburg	Bombing of the Axel Springer Verlag	17 wounded. Ilse Stachowiak was involved in the bombing.
24 May 1972	Heidelberg	Bombing outside of Officers Club followed by a second bomb moments later in front of Army Security Agency (ASA), U.S. Army in Europe (HQ USAREUR) at Campbell Barracks	3 dead (Ronald Woodward, Charles Peck and Captain Clyde Bonner), 5 wounded. Claimed by the 15th July Commando (in honour of Petra Schelm). Executed by Irmgard Moeller.
24 April 1975	Stockholm	1975 Occupation of the West German embassy, murder of Andreas von Mirbach and Dr. Heinz Hillegaart	4 dead, of whom 2 were RAF members
4 January 1977	Giessen	Attack against US 42nd Field Artillery Brigade at Gießen.	In a failed attack against the Gießen army base, the RAF sought to capture or destroy nuclear weapons present.[3] A diversionary bomb attack on a fuel tank failed to fully ignite the fuel, and the assault on the armory was then repulsed, with several RAF members killed in the ensuing firefight. The presence of U.S. warheads on German soil was classified and officially denied at the time, and the incident received little publicity. General William Burns, who commanded the base in 1977, detailed the attack in a 1996 interview.[4][5]
7 April 1977	Karlsruhe	Assassination of the federal prosecutor-general Siegfried Buback	The driver and another passenger were also killed. Claimed by the Ulrike Meinhof Commando.
30 July 1977	Oberursel (Taunus)	The director of Dresdner Bank, Jürgen Ponto, is shot in his home during an attempted kidnapping.
1977	Palma de Mallorca resp. Mogadishu, Somalia	Landshut (hijacking), Lufthansa aircraft that was hijacked as part of the events in the German Autumn of 1977.	3 hijackers killed, hijacking was ended by German GSG 9 commandos in an operation called Operation Feuerzauber
5 September 1977 18 October 1977	Cologne resp. Mulhouse	Hanns-Martin Schleyer, chairman of the German Employers' Organisation, is kidnapped and later shot	3 police-officers and the driver are killed during the kidnapping
22 September 1977	Utrecht The Netherlands	Shooting in a bar	Arie Kranenburg (46), Dutch policeman
June 25, 1979	Mons, Belgium	Alexander Haig, Supreme Allied Commander of NATO escapes an assassination attempt
August 31, 1981	Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany	Large carbomb explodes in the parking lot of Ramstein Air Base
September 15, 1981	West Germany	Unsuccessful rocket attack against the car carrying US Army's West German Commander Fred Kroesen
December 18, 1984	Oberammergau, West Germany	Unsuccessful attempt to bomb a School for NATO officers. The car bomb was discovered and defused.	A total of ten incidents followed over the next month, against US, British, and French targets [6].
June 6, 1985	West Germany	Three people are killed by a bomb planted at Frankfurt Airport
August 8, 1985	Rhein-Main Air Base (near Frankfurt)	A Volkswagen Mini-Bus exploded in the parking lot across from the base commander's building.	Two people are killed: Airman First Class Frank Scarton and Becky Bristol, a U.S. civilian employee who also was the spouse of a U.S. Air Force enlisted man. A granite monument marks the spot where they died. Twenty people are injured. Army Spec. Edward Pimental was kidnapped and killed the night before for his military ID card which was used to gain access to the base. The French terrorist organization Action Directe is suspected to have collaborated with the RAF on this attack. Birgit Hogefeld and Eva Haule have been convicted for their involvement in this event.
9 July 1986	Straßlach (near Munich)	Shooting of Siemens-manager Karl Heinz Beckurts and driver Eckhard Groppler
30 November 1989	Bad Homburg v. d. Höhe	Bombing of banker Alfred Herrhausen	Case unsolved
1 April 1991	Dusseldorf	Shooting of Detlev Karsten Rohwedder, chief of the Treuhandanstalt, in his house in Düsseldorf	Case unsolved
27 March 1993	Weiterstadt	Attacks with explosives at the construction site of a new prison	Led to a shoot-out three months later at a train station, between two RAF members, and law enforcement. RAF member Wolfgang Grams and a GSG-9 officer were killed[7]. Birgit Hogefeld was arrested. Damage 123 million DM (over 50 million euro)

For a full list of members see: Members of the Red Army Faction

[edit] In fiction and art

• Australian/UK playwright Van Badham's play "Black Hands / Dead Section" provides a fictionalised account of the actions and lives of key members of the RAF. It won the Queensland premier's award for literature in 2005.
• The RAF is the subject of the title song from Marianne Faithfull's 1977 album Broken English.
• The Raspberry Reich, a film by Bruce LaBruce (English)
• Gerhard Richter, a German painter whose series of works titled "October 18, 1977" repainted photographs of the Faction members and their deaths.
• The Norwegian painter Odd Nerdrum made a painting called "The murder of Andreas Baader" in 1977-1978, that shows Nerdrum's personal commentary to the events in the Stammheim prison.
• Heinrich Böll's book The Lost Honour of Katharina Blum describes the political climate in West Germany during the active phase of the RAF in the seventies.
• Luke Haines' side project band Baader Meinhof released one, self-titled concept album about the group.
• The Legend of Rita (Die Stille nach dem Schuß), a 2000 film directed by Volker Schlöndorff, concerns fictionalized members of the RAF, although its main subject is the Stasi and East Germany.
• In the novel The Sum Of All Fears by Tom Clancy, the RAF is involved in a failed attempt to draw the Soviet Union and the United States into a nuclear war.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• "This is Baader-Meinhof," official site of The Gun Speaks, a future book on the Red Army Faction.
• Picture essay of Red Army Faction
• The Baader Meinhof Gang
• History of the RAF - detailed, sympathetic account
• German Guerilla dot com Red Army Faction section - an English-language collection of all communiques and statements by the RAF
• Interview with creator of Baader-Meinhof.com
• "Build Up the Red Army" English translation of 1970 manifesto from the Red Army Faction.
• Rafinfo.de (German)