Rapid transit

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"Metro" redirects here; for other uses of the word, see metro (disambiguation).

A rapid transit, underground, subway, tube, elevated, or metro(politan) system is a railway—usually in an urban area—with a high capacity and frequency of service, and grade separation from other traffic. In most parts of the world these systems are known as a "metro", in London the system is called the "underground", while in most of North America and in Glasgow, Scotland it is a "subway".

The oldest rapid transit system in the world is the London Underground, which opened in 1863.[1] The two primary ways that subway tunnels are constructed are by cut and cover and tunnel boring.[2]

162 cities have rapid transit systems, totalling more than 8,000 km of track and 7,000 stations.[3] 25 cities have new systems under construction.[citation needed]

Washington DC Metro
Washington DC Metro
Moscow Metro
Moscow Metro

Contents

[edit] Definition

Further information: Passenger rail terminology

Rapid transit is a rail-based transportation system used within urban areas to transport people. To be considered a rapid transit system, it must meet certain criteria:

  • an urban, electric mass transit railway system
  • totally independent from other traffic
  • with high service frequency[4]

[edit] Elevated versus submerged

Rapid transit can be elevated, on ground or underground. It is quite common for the city core network to be underground, while it varies from system to system what solution is used outside the city core.

The term subway (American)[5] and underground (English)[6] are often used to describe a rapid transit that operates solely or primarily underground. In some cities the word "subway" applies to the entire system, while in others only to those parts that are actually underground, but is commonly called "Metro". Rapid transit systems that are above street level may be called "elevated" systems in the US (often shortened to el or L, as Chicago's system is populary referred to). In the UK, elevated systems are generally classified as light railways such as the Docklands Light Railway (DLR) in east London—although not all British light railways are elevated.

[edit] Uses and developments

Stratford station in London is shared by London Underground trains (left) and 'one' suburban rail services (right).
Stratford station in London is shared by London Underground trains (left) and 'one' suburban rail services (right).

Rapid transits are generally used in metropolitan areas to transport large amounts of people at high frequency. The extent of the rapid transit system varies greatly between cities, and there are multiple transport strategies that can take advantage of a rapid transit system. In larger metropolitan areas the underground system may extend only to the limits of the central city, or to its inner ring of suburbs with trains making relatively frequent station stops. The outer suburbs may then be reached by a separate commuter-, suburban- or regional rail network, where more widely spaced stations allow higher speeds. These trains are often more expensive, less frequent, and in some cities, operate only during rush hour periods.

It is common for rapid transit systems to be supplemented with other systems, either buses, trams and/or commuter trains. Because of the high density structure of the rapid transit, short haul trips are often more easily performed with tram lines or buses. Many cities have chosen to operate a tram system in the city core with the metro expanding beyond it. A typical example of this is Oslo that features a city core transport with trams, the metro stretching beyond the core to the city limits and commuter trains serving neighbouring boroughs.[7] Another common strategy is to use a bus feeding system to transport people to the transit stops and use the transits to carry them to the city centre or other bus routes. Using this system highly enhances the suburban bus system, since they are not required to drive all the way to the city centre. Vancouver utilises this strategy very efficiently.[8]

Rapid transit is a common application of elevated railways. Some systems such as the SkyTrain in Vancouver are primarily above ground although there are underground stations downtown
Rapid transit is a common application of elevated railways. Some systems such as the SkyTrain in Vancouver are primarily above ground although there are underground stations downtown

Elevated railways were a popular way to build mass transit systems in cities around the beginning of the twentieth century, but they have fallen out of favour. Many elevated lines were later demolished and replaced by subways or buses. Elevated rail saw something of a resurgence in the late twentieth century, with the construction of a number of new lines such as the Docklands Light Railway in London[9] and the Bangkok Skytrain;[10] in the United States a few such lines have been built, including the Atlanta's MARTA,[11] New York's AirTrain JFK[12] and the Las Vegas Monorail,[13] but these are typically seen as more futuristic, and are not representative of the overall trends in U.S. transit development, predominantly because these cities are building brand new rapid transit systems.

[edit] Integration with commuter trains

Beyond the extent of the metro, many cities use commuter trains. Many of these regional railways were first built to operate in one direction from a city centre terminus, but some have been extended across the city centre, sometimes running in tunnels. They offer suburban passengers a choice of stations and also provide useful transportation in the city. A notable example is the Paris RER system, where (in co-operation with the city's transit authority) several pairs of existing suburban lines running in opposite directions from the city have been extended in tunnels to join and form new routes across the city.[14][this source's reliability may need verification] They are provided with frequent service and, within the city, the same fares as the Métro are charged, providing an integrated network. In Tokyo and Osaka, Japanese private companies operate the world's most extensive suburban railways, each with their own fare system that integrates with the entire system. The Paris style system is often called S-Bahn (in German), Linea S or Treno Suburbano (Italian) and Cercanías (Spanish). In Europe these systems are or have often been operated by the state railway.

A modern EMU rapid transit commuter train operating on the Transperth system in Perth, Western Australia
A modern EMU rapid transit commuter train operating on the Transperth system in Perth, Western Australia

In some cases the rapid transit system runs to the suburbs and effectively functions as a regional rail service as well. Examples are the San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART)[15] and Washington Metrorail systems, though both are supplemented with other commuter train services. Where there are separate systems, the rapid transit system is typically a self contained service with its own dedicated tracks and stations and technologically incompatible with other railways. Suburban rail services, on the other hand, often share tracks and stations with long-distance trains (historically they were usually operated by the same company, which also owned the rails and carried freight, although this has become less common) and are subject to the same standards and regulations. There are exceptions; some London Underground lines share tracks with suburban rail services. In some cases, underground railway lines have been extended by taking over existing regional rail lines, notably parts of the Central and Northern Lines in London. The Athens Metro's Blue Line shares tracks with suburban rail services in order to connect the metro to Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport, but does not stop at the suburban rail stations because the platforms of the stations are much lower than the trains' floors.[16] In Hong Kong and São Paulo, Brazil, metro-like frequent service is provided by electrifying existing railway lines, while continuing to share the tracks with the much less frequent intercity and freight trains. The KCR West Rail in Hong Kong is designed to accommodate intercity and freight traffic in future, whilst at present provides only metro-like service.[17] The Tyne and Wear Metro in the North East of England is another metro service which shares some of its tracks with suburban rail services. The extension of the system to Sunderland sees the metro sharing tracks with Northern train services between Sunderland and Pelaw.[18]

[edit] Similarities to light rail

Main article: Light rail
Metro system of Amsterdam
Metro system of Amsterdam

There has always been some crossover between rapid transit and "lighter" streetcar/tram systems. For example, some lines of the Brooklyn Rapid Transit Company in New York City were elevated in built-up areas and ran at street level, often along streets, in less crowded areas. In many German cities, such as Hanover, the opposite applies, with trams descending into tunnels to cross the city centre.

In the other direction, interurban streetcars provided rapid transit-style transit from cities to suburbs and other cities, running mainly on separate rights-of-way track (sometimes sharing tracks with intercity rail), but using streetcar equipment. Most interurbans have been abandoned, but some (like the Norristown High Speed Line near Philadelphia) have been reconstructed to rapid transit specifications.

Additionally, many streetcar/tram systems include underground and (less commonly) elevated sections, in which everything about the system except the right-of-way is built to streetcar standards. Notably, the first subway in the United States, Boston's Green Line, opened in 1897 to take streetcars off downtown streets, though it did carry elevated trains from 1901 until the Washington Street Tunnel opened. Likewise, San Francisco's Market Street Subway carries Muni Metro light rail on the upper tracks and Bay Area Rapid Transit metro trains on the lower level.

The coming of modern light rail in the 1970s brought new crossovers. New systems were built and old streetcar/tram systems were upgraded with higher capacity and speeds, but retaining some aspects of streetcars and trams. Some systems known as light rail, such as the Docklands Light Railway in London, Manchester Metrolink and New York City's AirTrain JFK, are indeed rapid transit systems but commonly described as light rail. In many Asian countries light rail also is generally used to refer to some sort of rapid transit system but not used to refer to street cars or trams. Other light-rail systems may use high platforms but otherwise run as streetcars. A few systems similar to interurban streetcars have come back, such as New Jersey's River Line, which operates over freight rails for most of its trip, and along streets on one end. The KCR Light Rail, which runs as streetcars, operates with high platforms, with some of its sections elevated or street level right-of-way, and some at ground-level by away from streets.

[edit] Importance and functions

Prague Metro - Luka station.
Prague Metro - Luka station.

The volume of passengers a metro train can carry is often quite high, and a metro system is often viewed as the backbone of a large city's public transportation system. In many cities passengers beginning their journeys on a streetcar/tram, bus, or suburban rail system must finish their journey into the city center on the metro, as their first mode of transport will terminate at a metro station to avoid congesting the city center above ground. Budapest is a perfect example where the two more modern metro lines connect with buses and trams and also with two circular streetcar/tram routes (one closer to and one further from the city center) that allow travel between suburbs and also into the centre of the city by changing onto the metro.

In some cities, the urban rail system is so comprehensive and efficient that the majority of city residents use it as their primary means of transport. London, Moscow, New York City, Madrid, Paris, Hong Kong, Seoul, Tokyo and Osaka are such examples; these cities have the most extensive and convenient metro systems in the world. With 15 lines, the Tokyo subway is the largest rapid transit network in the world, transporting 7 million passengers daily.[19] The majority of suburban residents in addition to city dwellers do not own automobiles and depend on rail as the primary means of travel[citation needed]. Osaka, Japan is similar to Tokyo's system except about half as big, but still has a ridership exceeding that of New York City. In Europe, London (in 1st place) and Madrid (second) have the biggest metro systems.

The metro in Warsaw - Wierzbno station.
The metro in Warsaw - Wierzbno station.

Due to a general low population density and a different urban plan, many cities in the United States have very low rates of transit usage. About one in every three users of mass transit in the United States and two-thirds of the nation's rail riders actual live in New York[20] (see Transportation in New York City). Cities like Chicago, Boston, Washington, D.C., and Philadelphia also have high ridership on their networks. But other cities in the U.S. where automobiles dominate transportation needs tend to have partial and/or poorly used systems, especially in sunbelt cities such as Phoenix, Los Angeles, Atlanta, Charlotte, Dallas, Las Vegas or Houston.[21]

The interior of a Toronto subway car.
The interior of a Toronto subway car.

In the Western Hemisphere, Mexico City also has a large system. In Canada, only Toronto and Montréal have extensive metro networks serving their urban centers; Vancouver's SkyTrain also provides high-grade service, but at present acts primarily as a connection between Downtown Vancouver and the surrounding area. This soon will be changing with the implementation of several new lines and extensions, under-construction and planned, which will give the city a much more extensive network.

In Argentina, the Buenos Aires Metro carries over 1.3 million passengers per day and is expanding with new lines and extensions which are under construction and additional lines are currently being planned.

[edit] Alternate uses

Most underground systems are for public transportation, but a few cities have built freight or postal lines. One example was the Post Office Railway, which transported mail underground between sorting offices in London from 1927 until it was abandoned in 2003.[22] Similarly, until the 1970s the London Underground's Circle Line (originally the Metropolitan Railway) transported goods as well as running passenger trains. Another example was the Chicago Tunnel Company, which had a dense grid of tunnels under downtown Chicago.[23] During the Cold War an important secondary function of some underground systems was to provide shelter in case of a nuclear attack. For example, St-Petersburg and Moscow metro systems include a large number of hidden public shelters with water supply and air filtering facilities, military dormitories and bathrooms which currently belong to the Civil Defence Staff. Additionally, Russian and Soviet metros in federal cities are used for governmental telephone systems. Thus in Russia and Soviet Union subways are considered military objects and taking photographs there is prohibited.

[edit] Stations

Main article: Metro station

Urban rail systems have often been used to showcase economic, social, and technological achievements of a nation, especially in the Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. With their marble walls, polished granite floors and splendid mosaics, the metro systems of Moscow and St. Petersburg are widely regarded as some of the most beautiful in the world. Modern metro stations in Russia are usually still built with the same emphasis on appearance. In the former Soviet Union and in Eastern Europe metro stations were seen as a way to get art out to the public, instead of containing it for the rich. This is also part of the reason of the use of more classical art and architecture instead of the more modern, streamlined style used in the West. A lot of metros built in the USSR and Eastern European countries use quite expensive materials in the construction of the stations.[24]

But the art also has a practical purpose, in addition to the pure aesthetic. Beautified metro systems show higher passenger numbers than other, more plain systems. A lot of cities, faced with congestion problems, are investing large amounts of money in public transport to decrease car use, and are faced with problems encouraging increased use of rapid transit without large capital investment or operating costs. By using relatively small amounts on grand architecture, art, cleanliness, accessibility, lighting and a feeling of safety, metros can get larger amounts of passengers; usually the extra investments in aesthetics are profitable for the metros.[25] An example of this is in Los Angeles where 0.5% of investments were used on art while in Stockholm the authorities publish a guide to the art in the stations.[26]

[edit] Technology

This station of the Paris Métro Line 14 has automatic platform-edge doors.
This station of the Paris Métro Line 14 has automatic platform-edge doors.
Main article: Rapid transit technology

Most rapid transit trains are electric multiple units. Power is commonly delivered by a third rail, or in systems without much length in tunnel, by overhead wires, for example the Tyne and Wear Metro in North East England. Most run on conventional steel railway tracks, although some use rubber tires. Crew sizes have decreased throughout history, with some modern systems now running completely unstaffed trains.

The method of tunnel construction used varies from place to place, depending on the situation. Cut-and-cover tunnels are constructed by digging up city streets, which are then rebuilt over the tunnel. Alternatively, tunnel-boring machines can be used to dig deep-bore tunnels.[2]

[edit] History

Main article: History of Rapid transit
Buenos Aires vintage wooden interior carriages still in use on Line A.
Buenos Aires vintage wooden interior carriages still in use on Line A.

The first underground railway in the world was the London Underground.[27] London's system was proposed by Charles Pearson, as part of a city improvement plan, after the Thames Tunnel opened. After ten years of discussion, the British Parliament authorized the construction of an underground railroad. Construction began in 1860 and was complete in 1863. The first trains that ran were steam locomotives.[28]

The first rapid transit systems in the United States were elevated railways like Manhattan's Ninth Avenue Line (1868). The first underground transit line was a short piece of Boston's Green Line, opened in 1897, but this was a streetcar tunnel that only carried rapid transit trains from 1901 to 1908 (when Boston's first new rapid transit tunnel opened). The New York City Subway's first underground line opened in 1904.

In Buenos Aires Argentina, Line A, which opened to the public in 1913, is the oldest underground line of South America and of any Hispanic country and currently, its magnificently preserved historic cars are still in use.

[edit] Maps and diagrams

Main article: urban rail and metro maps

The maps of diagrams of some of the larger rapid transit systems have themselves become cultural icons with artworks, books, websites, films and TV programmes revolving round them. The most well-known of all is the London Underground Map, but the maps of the New York Subway, The Paris Metro, Chicago CTA, Berlin U-Bahn (among others) receiving some of the most attention in the form of clothing (underwear,T-Shirts & ties seem especially popular); board games and puzzles; stationary and mousemats; shower curtains; tea-towels; fan sites; blogs; works of art; official copies and contentious infringements of copyright.

The premise of several films centres around mythical rapid transit systems and Dark City even has its own invented subway map. The creation of fantasy rapid transit maps, or desired extensions to existing systems added to contemporary or brand new maps is also gaining popularity online[29]

[edit] See also

Stockholm Metro, Rådhuset Station
Stockholm Metro, Rådhuset Station
The solar-powered Coney Island-Stillwell Avenue station. (New York City Subway)
The solar-powered Coney Island-Stillwell Avenue station. (New York City Subway)

[edit] References

  1. ^ "London, England, United Kingdom". National Geographic. Retrieved on 2006-10-13. 
  2. ^ a b "Subway". World Book. ISBN 0-7166-0104-4.
  3. ^ World Metro List. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  4. ^ FAQ. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  5. ^ The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-618-08230-1. 
  6. ^ Definition of "Underground". Chambers Reference Online. Retrieved on 2006-11-28.
  7. ^ Lokaltog, T-banen, Trikken. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  8. ^ Setp_sys_Route_Map.pdf. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  9. ^ Docklands Light Railway - About DLR. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  10. ^ Bangkok Mass Transit System Company Limited - BTS SkyTrain. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  11. ^ MARTA - About MARTA. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  12. ^ AirTrain History. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  13. ^ Las Vegas Monorail - History. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  14. ^ UrbanRail.Net > Métro de PARIS. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  15. ^ [Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District] (2003). BART Strategic Plan.
  16. ^ Olympic Games 2004: five major projects for Athens. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  17. ^ Hong Kong West Rail Heavy Rail Line, China. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  18. ^ Tyne & Wear Metro. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  19. ^ Tokyo transportation fact sheet (PDF). Web Japan. Retrieved on 2006-11-27.
  20. ^ MTA - Transportation Network. Retrieved on 2006-12-02.
  21. ^ [Public Transport Assosiation] (18). Heavy Rail Transit Ridership Report. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  22. ^ Rail Mail Home. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  23. ^ The Chicago Tunnel Company Railroad Home Page. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  24. ^ Metro Arts and Architecture. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  25. ^ 10 Ways to Enhance Your Community: Unleash the Power of Public Transportation. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  26. ^ Metro Arts and Architecture. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  27. ^ History - Introduction. Transport for London. Retrieved on 2006-02-12.
  28. ^ "Subway". Encyclopædia Britannica online. Retrieved on 2006-12-02.
  29. ^ Metro Maps Of The World. Retrieved on 2006-12-04.

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