Rapid single flux quantum

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In electronics, rapid single flux quantum (RSFQ) is a digital electronics technology that relies on quantum effects in superconducting materials to switch signals, instead of transistors. However, it is not a quantum computing technology in the traditional sense. Even so, RSFQ is very different from the traditional CMOS transistor technology used in every day computers:

It is based on superconductors, so a cryogenic environment is required
Instead of voltage levels, digital signals are represented by picosecond-duration pulses that travel down superconducting microstrip transmission lines.
The pulses are single quanta at the lowest energy level allowed by quantum mechanics in the system, and hence cannot change significantly in transit. They do not lose energy, spread out, or interfere.
The quantum pulses are switched by Josephson junctions instead of transistors
Unlike normal circuitry, signals cannot be split into multiple outputs without active circuit elements

See also: Quantum flux parametron, a related digital logic technology.

1 Advantages
2 Disadvantages
3 Applications
4 Humor
5 References

[edit] Advantages

Interoperable with CMOS circuitry
Extremely fast operating frequency (up to hundreds of gigahertz)
Low power consumption
Existing chip manufacturing technology can be adapted to manufacture RSFQ circuitry
Good tolerance to manufacturing variations
RSFQ circuitry is essentially self clocking, making asynchronous designs much more practical.

[edit] Disadvantages

Requires cryogenic cooling; liquid helium may be necessary unless high-temperature superconductors can be manufactured in this way,
Signals cannot be split into multiple outputs without active circuit elements.

[edit] Applications

Optical and other high-speed network switching devices
Digital signal processing, even up to radiofrequency signals.
High speed analog-to-digital converters
Petaflop supercomputers

[edit] Humor

Scientists joke that RSFQ logic stands for Russian Single Flux Quantum logic as the two "fathers" of the idea (Likharev and Semenov) were from Russia. Now both work in the USA.