Quinnipiack

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Quinnipiacks
Total population

1600: 24,700 to 29,000 (est.)
1638: 460 (est.)
1774: 71 (est.)
2000: Unknown, theorized as zero
Significant populations: Historically centered in Connecticut, United States.
Language Quiripi
Related ethnic groups

Native Americans
 North American natives
  Eastern Woodlands natives
   Quinnipiac

The Quinnipiacks -- also spelled Quinnipiac -- is the Anglo name for the Eansketambawg (meaning "We, the original, surface-dwelling people"; c.f. Ojibwe: anishinaabeg) a Native American nation of the Algonquian family who inhabited south-central Connecticut in the area around what is now the present-day city of New Haven and New Haven harbor.

The Eansketambawg were divided into four groups led by sachems:

  • the Momauguin in New Haven (led by Momauguin)
  • the Montowese in North Haven
  • the Shaumpishuh or Menunkatuck in Guilford (led by Shaumpishus, sister of Momaugin)
  • the Totoket band in Branford

The name Quinni-pe-auke has been translated by some as "long water river" or "long-water land or country" in the tribe's language Quiripi, which is an Eastern Algonquin language.[1] The nation's name may therefore mean "people from the long-water land." Other sources claim the word Quinnipiac was "quinnuppin-uk," defined as "a turning point; to make a change in the direction of travel."

Contents

[edit] History

The Quinnipiacks were first contacted by Europeans in 1614. Dutch explorer Adriaen Block is generally held to probably have been the first non-native visitor with the tribe, and there is evidence that the Quinnipiacks engaged in a significant trade of beaver pelts with the Dutch. Tribal history before this period is not well known. Contact with the Europeans caused major epidemics that wiped out roughly 80 to 90% of the indigenous population within 20 years [1].

In 1637, English Puritans visited the area in search of new land in which to settle theocratic colonies separate from Massachusetts and the Connecticut Colony. The settlers recorded that the tribe was at that time divided into four groups in that time period: the Momaugins in what is now New Haven, the Montowese of what is now North Haven, the Shaumpishuh/Menunkatuck of modern Guilford, and the Totokets of present-day Branford. It has since been argued that the Montowese were not in fact fully members of the Quinnipiacks, and that they were actually the kinsmen of a tribe located in what is now Middlesex County.

Prior to the encounter with the English settlers, the Quinnipiacks had been engaged in warfare with the Pequots, a tribe located to the east. The tribe had also been weakened by the spread of European diseases. Knowing that their situation was precarious in the face of such challenges, the sachem of the tribe engaged in an alliance with the Puritan settlers. In exchange for ceding the tribe's territory around New Haven harbor, the settlers would provide for defense of the Quinnipiacks and also give the tribe a list of goods, which included coats, hatchets and knives. This agreement was sealed in a treaty in November of 1638.

Detail of a 1625 map depicting Quinnipiack territory.
Detail of a 1625 map depicting Quinnipiack territory.

After the treaty was signed, the Momaugin band moved to a new settlement on the eastern side of the harbor. The native settlement was soon dwarfed by the expanding New Haven colony. Relations between the settlers and Quinnipiacks, however, remained relatively amicable. In 1657, the Quinnipiacs attempted to purchase a tract of land at Oyster Point for agricultural use. The sale never materialized because the Quinnipiack refused to the colonists' condition of killing the Indians' dogs.

In 1675, Quinnipiac tribesmen fought alongside Englishmen against the Wampanoags in King Philip's War. Quinnipiacks also served in many expeditions to Canada and the Caribbean.

In the early 18th century, the tribe continued to dwindle, though not by any action by the local colonists. As the Quinnipiack's population declined, much of their remaining land was purchased by settlers and absorbed into new communities. By 1850, it was largely concluded that the Quinnipiacks no longer existed as a distinct or extant tribal culture.

[edit] Geography

The Quinnipiacks inhabited an area extending over much of modern New Haven, with their territory stretching more or less west to Milford, east to Guilford, and north to Meriden.

[edit] Culture

[edit] Living Arrangements

Like many Eastern Woodlands tribes in New England, the Quinnipiacks lived in wigwams made of local materials such as timber, bark, and sod. They were used year-round and sometimes featured fireplaces made of stone and an aperture in the wigwam's roof that served to release smoke. The skins of animals were sometimes attached to the outside of the wigwam to provide further insulation against cold winter winds.

The tribe subsisted on a variety of local foodstuffs, most notably the traditional maize, beans and squash. Shellfish was harvested from the waters of Long Island Sound, and hunters would track deer in the hilly forests of the region.

The Quinnipiack were noted for the speed of and maneuverability of their elm bark canoes, which they used to catch shellfish. They frequently fished and camped along the Quinnipiac and were fond of seafood.

The Quinnipiack never became riders of horses. Instead, they hiked and ran through a network of footpaths that connected them with other tribes, including one to Farmington to visit their cousins, the Tunxis Indians. Since Europeans often got lost, they hired young Quinnipiacks as their guides.

[edit] Language

The Quinnipiack language is known as Quiripi. No modern-day speakers of it are known to exist.

[edit] Folklore

The Quinnipiack venerated a local ridge formation now known as Sleeping Giant as a dwelling place for their spirits.

One legend describes how the evil spirit Hobbomock, angry at his people's neglect, changed the course of the Connecticut River from Quinnipiack territory to the east. He did so by stomping his foot in what is now called Middletown, Connecticut. Kiehtan, spirit of good, cast a sleeping spell on Hobbamock, turning him into the Sleeping Giant. Hobbamock was said to be overly fond of oysters. He was used as a 'bogeyman' by which Quinnipiack mothers frightened their children into submission.

[edit] Legacy

A number of modern institutions bear names of Quinnipiack origin.

For a time, Quinnipiac University used the name "Quinnipiac Braves" for their athletics teams. This was changed to "Quinnipiac Bobcats" in 2002 out of concerns for misrepresenting the tribe and portraying them in an inaccurate, racist, or sacrilegious fashion.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ c.f. Ojibwe ginoo-, "long", and -aki-, "land"

[edit] Bibliography

[edit] Digital

[edit] Print

  • Sleeping Giant State Park Trail Map (undated)

[edit] Further reading

  • History of the Indians of Connecticut (by John DeForest)
  • The Quinnipiac Indians and their Reservation (by Charles H. Townshend)
  • Townsend Heritage (by Doris B. Townsend)
  • Native New Yorkers: The Legacy of the Algonquin People of New York (by Evan T. Pritchard, 2002, Council Oak Books)
  • We The People Called Quinnipiac (by Iron Thunderhorse, 2006, QTC Press)
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