Quebec English
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Quebec English is the common term for the set of various linguistic and social phenomena affecting the use of English in the predominantly French-speaking Canadian Province of Quebec and more specifically in the Greater Montreal Area.
There is reputedly no linguistic evidence for the existence of any distinct regional dialects or varieties of Quebec English, the more so in that there are no distinctive phonological features and very few restricted lexical features common among all first-language speakers of English from or raised in Quebec. Nonetheless, it has been clearly demonstrated that most second-language speakers of English or persons acculturated in an environment in which such speakers dominate, be they francophones or allophones, do use an interlanguage of French and English or a distinct pronunciation arising from social concentration ethnic enclaves. What some perceive as "Quebec English" is thus more likely to consist of the practices by speakers of English who hail from such communities, especially so since alone or together they may outnumber first-language English-speakers, and certainly outnumber those acculturated only among English-speakers and in the English language.
This characteristics are not necessarily unique. Even accounting for Montreal's relatively recent adoption of French as the dominant public language, little apart from small vocabulary differences appears to separate Quebec first-language speakers of English from the greater pan-Canadian and English North American Sprachraum. While first-language speakers of English are a minority only in Quebec (under 10%), they form part of an overwhelming majority both in Canada (67%) and in North America north of the Rio Grande (over 98%), such that there is more American television and music available in Quebec than UK or English-Canadian cultural products combined. This may be one of the reasons why Quebec English has no unifying and unique characteristic that would render it a distinct dialect.
Other reasons include concentration and permeability. With regard to concentration, the vast majority of Quebec-born-and-raised first-language English-speakers (roughly 90%) now live in the Greater Montreal area, a phenomenon that is historically recent. With regard to permeability, a strong influx of Anglophones move to or visit Quebec on an ongoing basis — particularly Montreal, with two major English-language universities and a number of American and Canadian employers (notwithstanding employment laws which require that employers over a certain size must hold company meetings and conduct internal company business in French). In the summer months, similarly roughly half of all tourists are said to be anglophones from the U.S. or from Canadian provinces other than Quebec.
The symbol N@ denotes a language practice which is neither used nor deemed acceptable in English-language writing and broadcasting in Quebec. The same lack of acceptability holds true by any outside-Quebec anglophone's notion of English.
[edit] First-language English-speaker Phenomena
1. The use of French-language toponyms and official names of institutions/organizations which have no English names; this is probably not a uniquely Quebec phenomenon, though, so much as the practice of calling a thing by its name. Though not normally italicized in English written documents, these Quebec words are pronounced as in French, especially in broadcast media. Note that the reverse language status situation holds true when using French in a province such as British Columbia, where many of the province's entities have a designation only in English.
- the Régie du Logement[1], the Collège de Maisonneuve
- Québec Solidaire, the Parti Québécois
- Hochelaga-Maisonneuve, Trois-Rivières
Particular cases: Pie-IX (as in the boulevard, bridge and métro station) is pronounced /pinœf/ or /pinʌf/, not as "pie nine". On the other hand, sometimes a final written consonant is included or added in pronunciation, where an historic English-language name and pronunciation exists among Anglophone or English-dominant Allophone communities associated with particularly neighbourhoods — such as for "Bernard", which in French is known as rue Bernard. Montreal is always pronounced as an English word, following its historic official English-language name. English-speakers generally pronounce the French Saint- (m.) and Sainte- (f.) in street and place names as the English "saint"; however, Saint-Laurent (the city) can be pronounced as in French /sɛ̃lɔrɑ̃/, whereas Saint Lawrence Boulevard can be pronounced as "/sɛ̃lɔrɑ̃/" (silent t) or as the original English name, Saint Lawrence. Sainte-Foy is pronounced "saint-fwa" /seɪnʔ.fwa/ not "saint-foy" /seɪnʔ.fɔɪ/, which would be used elsewhere in English-speaking North America. Saint-Denis is often pronounced on the Saint model with a silent s in Denis, or as "Saint Dennis". Verdun, as a place name, has the expected English-language pronunciation, /Vɝɹ.'dʌn/, while English-speakers from Verdun traditionally pronounce the eponymous street name as "Verd'n", /'Vɝɹ.dn/. Saint-Léonard, a borough of Montreal, is pronounced "Saint-Lee-o-nard" /seɪnt.li.o.'nɑɹd/, which is reputedly neither English nor French.
Used by both Quebec-born and outside English-speakers, acronyms with the letters pronounced in English, not French, rather than the full name for Quebec institutions and some areas on Montreal Island are common, particularly where the English-language names either are or, historically, were official. For instance, SQ --> Sûreté du Québec (pre-Bill 101: QPP --> Quebec Provincial Police, as it once was; NDG --> Notre-Dame-de-Grâce; DDO --> Dollard-des-Ormeaux;TMR --> Town of Mount Royal, the bilingual town's official English name.
Finally, some French place names are very difficult for English-speakers to say without adopting a French accent, such that those proficient in French nonetheless choose an English pronunciation rather than accent-switching. Examples are Vaudreuil, Belœil and Longueuil in which pronunciation of the segment /œj/ (spelled "euil" or "œil") is a challenge. These are most often pronounced as "voh-droy" /vo.drɔɪ/, "bel-oy" /bɛl.ɔɪ/ and "long-gay" /loŋ.geɪ/ or less often "long-gale" /loŋ.geɪl/.
2. N@ (when written) - The practice of using English versions of place names that may now be officially in French, especially where such place names had official English-language designations. Far from being restricted to monolingual, older English speakers of British Isles ancestry, this practice is particularly common among immigrant communities associated with central Montreal districts and who, as was allowed, were schooled in and acculturated via English-language institutions. Particularly among more recent Anglophone newcomers to Montreal, the practice of regarding only French-language place names as legitimate has grown, giving rise to the surprising phenomenon of recent arrivals correcting long-established Montrealers as to the pronunciation of street names on which entire generations grew up
- Pine Avenue, Park Avenue, Mountain Street, Dorchester Blvd. - often used without St., Blvd., Ave., Rd., etc. (names for the designations "avenue des Pins", "ave. du Parc", "rue de la Montagne", "boulevard René-Lévesque"; the English-language official designations have reputedly been revoked, although evidence for this is difficult to find)
- Guy and Saint Catherine Streets
- Town of Mount Royal, as it was chartered, which charter has not been revoked
- Pointe Claire (English pronunciation and typography, instead of official "Pointe-Claire")
3. The use of limited number of Quebec French terms for everyday places (and occasional items) that have English equivalents; all of these are said using English pronunciation or have undergone an English clipping or abbreviation, such that they are regarded as ordinary English terms by Quebeckers. Some of them tend sometimes to be preceded by the definite article in contexts where they could normally take "a(n)".
- the dep - instead of corner, variety, or convenience store; from dépanneur
- the guichet - instead of bank machine, even when all ATMs are labelled "ATM";
- the SAQ - the official name of the government-run monopoly liquor stores (pronounced "ess-ay-cue" or, very rarely, "sack"), the Société des alcools du Québec. This usage is similar to that in other provinces, such as in neighbouring Ontario where liquor stores are referred to as the LCBO (for Liquor Control Board of Ontario).
- a vernissage - instead of preview or private viewing or opening at an art gallery
- the metro - like the SAQ, this practice consists of calling a thing by its proper name, making it particularly unremarkable; the Paris metro is pronounced similarly, as are the San Diego, and Washington D.C. metros
- poutine - french fries with gravy and cheddar cheese curds
- cinq à sept - cocktail party, or happy hour in a bar (roughly 5-7 p.m.)
- terrasse - the French pronunciation of 'terrace' is common among anglophones in casual speech yet considered incorrect in formal speech. Spelling remains as in English.
4. French-language first and last names using mostly French sounds. Such names may be mispronounced by non-French-speakers, for instance a first-syllable stress or silent-d pronunciation in Bouchard --> /buʃard/. French speakers, as are most Quebec English speakers, are on the other hand more likely to vary pronunciation of this type depending on the manner in which they adopt an English phonological framework.
This importation of French-language syllabic stresses and phonemes into an English phonological framework may be regarded as interlanguage or translation.
[edit] French-language Phenomena in English (not restricted to Quebec only)
High-frequency, second-language phenomena by francophones, allophones, and generally non-pure-English speakers occur, predictably, in the most basic structures of English. Commonly called "Frenglish" or "franglais", these phenomena are a product of interlanguage, calques or mistranslation and thus may not constitute so-called "Quebec English", to the extent that these can be conceived of separately — particularly since such phenomena are similar among English-subsequent-language French speakers throughout the world, leaving little that is Quebec-specific:
A. N@ - The use of French collocations.
- Close the TV - Turn/shut off the TV.
- Close the door. - Lock the door.
- Open the light. - Turn on the lights.
- Take a decision. - Make a decision.
- Put your coat. - Put your coat on.
B. N@ - The use of French grammar or no grammatical change. Many of these constructions are grammatically correct but only out of context. It’s both the calquing and transfer from French and the betrayed meanings that make these sentences foreign to English.
- He speak/talk to me yesterday. --> He spoke/talked to me yesterday. (verb tense)
- Me, I work in Laval. --> I work in Laval. (vocal stress on "I")
- It/He have many books. --> There are many books. (from French il y a meaning "there is/are")
- I like the beef and the red wine. --> I like beef and red wine. (overuse of definite article to mean "in general")
- You speak French? --> Do you speak French? (absence of auxiliary verb; otherwise it means surprise, disbelief or disappointment when out of context)
- I don’t find my keys. --> I can’t find my keys. (lack of English modal auxiliary verb)
- At this moment I wash the dishes. --> I’m washing the dishes right now. (verbal aspect)
- My computer, he don’t work. --> My computer won’t work. (human pronoun, subject repetition, uninflected auxiliary verb)
- I would like a brownies. --> Could I have a brownie? (plural –s thought to be part of the singular word in relexification process; other examples: "a Q-tips", "a pins", "a buns", "a Smarties", "a Doritos", etc.)
- I would like shrimps with broccolis. -–> Could I have some shrimp and broccoli? (use of regular plural instead of English unmarked plural or non-count noun; this is not a case of hypercorrection but of language transfer).
- Do you want to wash the dishes? --> Will/would you wash the dishes? (lack of English modal verb; modal vouloir from French instead - Veux-tu laver la vaisselle?)
C. N@ - Pronunciation of phoneme /ŋ/ as /n/ + /g/ (among some Italian Montrealers) or /n/ + /k/ (among some Jewish Montrealers, especially those who grew up in Yiddish-speaking environments), for instance due to high degrees of ethnic connectivity within, for instance, municipalities, boroughs or neighbourhoods on the Island of Montreal such as Saint-Léonard and Outremont/Côte-des-Neiges/Côte-Saint-Luc. These phenomena occur as well in other diaspora areas such as New York City.
D. N@ - The use of false cognates (faux-amis); this practice is quite common, so much so that those who use them abundantly insist that the false cognate is the English term even outside of Quebec. Note that these French words are all pronounced using English sounds and harbour French meanings. While the possibilities are truly endless, this list provides only the most insidious false cognates found in Quebec.
- a stage – an internship (pronounced as in French)
- college – Cégep (collège, cégep; collégial, cégepien), the acronym which is the official name of the institution which dispenses college-level technical education and precedes university in Quebec.
- Chinese pâté – shepherd's pie (pâté chinois; many French-Canadian Quebeckers do not know that pâté chinois is similar to shepherd's-pie dishes associated with other cultures)
- a cold plate – some cold-cuts (reversed gallicism - assiette de viandes froides)
- coordinates - for address, phone number, e-mail, etc.
- (a) salad – (a head of) lettuce
- a subvention – a (government) grant
- an acetate – a transparency
- a parking – a parking lot/space
- a location – a rental
- a good placement – a good location
- It’s ok. – It’s fine. (from Ça va.)
- That’s it. - That is correct. (from C'est ça.)
- So-so. – Fine. or Just fine. (also from Ça va.); common in English
- Perfect. – Fine or Just fine. (from Parfait.); common in English
Few anglophone Quebeckers use many such false cognates, but most understand such high-frequency words and expressions. Some of these cognates are used by many francophones, and others by many allophones and anglophone accultured in allophone environments, of varying English proficiencies, from the bare-minimum level to native-speaker level.
A francophone with excellent English will often pronounce consonants less harshly and will make less use of the glottal stop, making their speech more fluid.
[edit] See also
| Dialects and Accents of the English language in Canada | |
|---|---|
| West | British Columbian English | Chinook Jargon | Canadian Prairies English |
| Ontario | Southwestern Ontario English | Central Ontario English | Ottawa Valley Twang | Eastern Ontario English | Toronto English | Northern Ontario English |
| Quebec | Quebec English |
| Atlantic | Maritimer English | Newfoundland English | Cape Breton accent | Lunenburg English |
