Puinavean languages

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Puinavean (also Makú, Puinávean, Puinave-Macú, Puinave-Maku, Puinaveano) is a language family of Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela. Makú is the Portuguese name, Puinaveano is the Spanish. The name Makú is pejorative, being derived from the Jeral (a Tupian language) word meaning "slave, underling".

The Puinavean family should not be confused with the Maku language, which is also known as Macu or Makú. There are phylum proposals linking the Maku isolate with Puinavean.

Contents

[edit] Family division

Puinavean consists of 9 languages:

A. Kuri-Dou
1. Kuri-Dou (†)
B. Hupda group
2. Hupda (a.k.a. Hupdë, Ubde, Jupda, Hupdá, Ubdé)
3. Yuhup (a.k.a. Yuhupde, Yahup)
C. Kaburí group
4. Nadöb (a.k.a. Nadëb, Nadɨb, Hahöb, Shuriwai, Guariba, Wariva, Kaborí)
5. Kamán (a.k.a. Kamã, Dâw)
D. Guariba
6. Guariba (a.k.a. Wariwa, Wariva)
E. Kakwa group
7. Cacua (a.k.a. Kakua, Bara-Macú)
8. Nukak (a.k.a. Nuakak-Macú, Nɨkâk, Macú del Guaviare, Waviare, Makusa, Nukak Makú, Carabayo, Guaviare)
F. Puinave
9. Puinave (a.k.a. Guaipunavi, Waipunavi)

Kuri-Dou is now extinct; it had 2 varieties: Kurikuriaí and Dou.

Kaufman (1994) lists Hupda as a single language with 4 varieties: Tikié, Hupda, Yuhup, and Papurí. Pozzobon (1997) and Gordon (2005) list Hupda and Yuhup as separate languages.

Guariba is listed in Kaufman (1994), but does not appear in Gordon (2005). It is listed as an alternate name in Pozzobon (1997) (?) .

Pozzobon (1997) groups Nukak with Cacua in a Kakwa grouping while Kaufman (1994) lists them separately.

Gordon (2005) lists Puinave as a language isolate while Kaufman (1994) and Pozzobon (1997) include within this family.

[edit] Genetic relations

Puinavean is sometimes associated with a hypothetical Macro-Puinavean family consisting of the Puinavean and Katukinan families and the Ahuaqué, Kaliana, and Maku isolates (additionally Ahuaqué, Kalianan, and Maku are placed together in a proposed Kalianan sub-grouping).

Macro-Puinavean is included in Joseph Greenberg's larger Macro-Tucanoan stock. Another larger grouping is Morris Swadesh's Macro-Makú.

[edit] External links

[edit] Bibliography

  • Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
  • Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (Ed.). (2005). Ethnologue: Languages of the world (15th ed.). Dallas, TX: SIL International. ISBN 1-55671-159-X. (Online version: http://www.ethnologue.com).
  • Greenberg, Joseph H. (1987). Language in the Americas. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13-67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1992) Guta www.albume.net
  • Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46-76). London: Routledge.
  • Pozzobon, Jorge (1997). Langue, société et numération chez les Indiens Makú (Haut Rio Negro, Brésil). Jounal de la Société de Américanistes de París 83: 159-172. París.
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