Psychohistory (fictional)
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- For the study of the psychological motivation of historical and current events, see Psychohistory
Psychohistory is the name of a fictional science, which combined history, sociology, and mathematical statistics, in Isaac Asimov's Foundation universe, to create a (nearly) exact science of the actions of very large groups of people, such as the Galactic Empire. Asimov used the analogy of a gas: in a gas, the motion of a single molecule is very difficult to predict, but the mass action of the gas can be predicted to a high level of accuracy. Asimov applied this concept to the population of the fictional Galactic Empire, which numbered in the quadrillions. The character responsible for the science's creation, Hari Seldon, established two postulates: that the population whose behaviour was modeled should be sufficiently large and that they should remain in ignorance of the results of the application of psychohistorical analyses.
Literary critics have described Asimov's psychohistory as a reformulation, either for better or worse, of Karl Marx's theory of history (Historical Materialism), though Asimov denied any direct influence.[1] Psychohistory also has echoes of work in the social sciences that by the 1960s would lead to attempts at large-scale social prediction and control such as Project Camelot and modernization theory.
Later on in his career, Asimov described historical (pre-Seldon) origins of psychohistory. In The Robots of Dawn, which takes place thousands of years before Foundation, he describes roboticist Han Fastolfe's attempts to create the science based on careful observation of others, particularly his daughter Vasilia. In Prelude to Foundation we learn that it was in fact one of Fastolfe's robots, R. Daneel Olivaw, that manipulated Seldon into practical application of this science.
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[edit] Asimov on psychohistory
On September 25, 1987, Asimov gave an interview to Terry Gross on her National Public Radio program, Fresh Air. In it, Gross asked him about psychohistory:
- Gross: "What did you have in mind when you coined the term and the concept?"
- Asimov: "Well, I wanted to write a short story about the fall of the Galactic Empire. I had just finished reading the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire [for] the second time, and I thought I might as well adapt it on a much larger scale to the Galactic Empire and get a story out of it. And my editor John Campbell was much taken with the idea, and said he didn't want it wasted on a short story. He wanted an open-ended series so it lasts forever, perhaps. And so I started doing that. In order to keep the story going from story to story, I was essentially writing future history, and I had to make it sufficiently different from modern history to give it that science fictional touch. And so I assumed that the time would come when there would be a science in which things could be predicted on a probabilistic or statistical basis."
- Gross: "Do you think that would be good if there really was such a science?"
- Asimov: "Well, I can't help but think it would be good, except that in my stories, I always have opposing views. In other words, people argue all possible... all possible... ways of looking at psychohistory and deciding whether it is good or bad. So you can't really tell. I happen to feel sort of on the optimistic side. I think if we can somehow get across some of the problems that face us now, humanity has a glorious future, and that if we could use the tenets of psychohistory to guide ourselves we might avoid a great many troubles. But on the other hand, it might create troubles. It's impossible to tell in advance."
[edit] Psychohistory in other fiction
In Fantastic Four #542, Mister Fantastic, involved in the Marvel Universe's Civil War event, reveals that his real reason for supporting the registration act (of all the superheroes)—that prompted the Civil War—is due to his development of a working version of Isaac Asimov's fictional Psychohistory concept. Mister Fantastic's application of this science indicates to him that billions will die in escalating conflicts without the presence of the act.
[edit] See also
- Psychohistory, the study of the psychological motivation of historical and current events
- Macroeconomics, the real economics sub-field that considers aggregate behavior
- Robopsychology, the fictional study of the personalities of intelligent machines
[edit] Notes and references
- ^ Booker, M. Keith. Monsters, Mushroom Clouds, and the Cold War: American Science Fiction and the Roots of Postmodernism, 1946-1964. Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 2001. pp. 34-38. "Numerous critics have noticed the parallels between Marx's and Seldon's visions of history." Among the critics Booker discusses regarding the connection between Marxism and psychohistory are: James Gunn, Donald Wollheim, and Charles Elkins.
