Propædia

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The one-volume Propædia is the first of three parts of the 15th edition of Encyclopædia Britannica, the other two being the 12-volume Micropædia and the 17-volume Macropædia. The Propædia is intended as a topical organization of the Britannica's contents, complementary to the alphabetical organization of the other two parts. Introduced in 1974 with the 15th edition, the Propædia and Micropædia were intended to replace the Index of the 14th edition; however, after widespread criticism, the Britannica restored Index as a two-volume set in 1985. The core of the Propædia is its Outline of Knowledge, which seeks to provide a logical framework for all human knowledge; however, the Propædia also has several appendices listing the staff members, advisors and contributors to all three parts of the Britannica.

Contents

[edit] The Outline of Knowledge

Analogous to the Britannica itself, the Outline has three types of goals: epistemological, educational and organizational.[1] In the epistemological arena, it seeks to provide a systematic, strictly hierarchical categorization of all possible human knowledge, a 20th-century analog of the Great Chain of Being and Francis Bacon's outline in Instauratio magna. In the educational arena, the Propædia lays out a course of study for each major discipline, a "roadmap" for a student who wishes to learn a field in its entirety. Finally, the Propædia serves as an expanded Table of Contents for the Micropædia and Macropædia; according to its designer, Mortimer J. Adler, all the articles of the Britannica were commissioned based on the Outline of Knowledge.[1]

The Outline has ten Parts, each with an introductory essay; the authors of these essays are listed below after the Part title.

The same ten men were responsible for developing the outline for their Part, in consultation and collaboration with a handful of other scholars; in all, 86 men and one woman were involved in developing the Outline of Knowledge (see Table below).

Each of the Parts is divided into 2-7 Divisions, which are themselves divided into 2-11 Sections. These Sections form the basic categories of knowledge in the schema, and each one is given a special three-part numerical code to encode its place in the Outline's hierarchy. For example, the section "Military Technology" has the code "736" indicating that it is the 6th Section of the 3rd Division ("Major Fields of Technology") of the 7th Part ("Technology"). Forward slashes are used when a Part, Division or Section has more than one digit; for example, the Section "History and Philosophy of Logic" has the code "10/11" indicating that it is the 1st section of the 1st Division ("Logic") of the 10th Part ("The Branches of Knowledge").

Other encyclopedias have provided analogous outlines of knowledge. In the Preface to the famous Encyclopédie (published 1751-1766), Diderot provides a roadmap to the knowledge of his time. Inspired by that example, in a letter dated 15 November 1812, Dugald Stewart proposed to Archibald Constable, the owner and publisher of the Britannica, that the supplement to its 5th edition should begin with a series of dissertations that outlined and organized the knowledge of their time. A modern example is Wikipedia, which uses a system of categories to view the network of interrelations among its subjects;[2] although similar to the Propædia in purpose and terseness, the Wikipedia category network is not strictly hierarchical. Wikipedia also has portals intended to provide readers with an overview of a topic.[3]

The Outline was a project of Mortimer J. Adler, published 32 years after he published a similar effort (The Syntopicon) that attempts to provide an overview of the relationships among the "Great Ideas" in Adler's Great Books series. (The Great Books were also published by the Encyclopædia Britannica Inc.) Adler stresses in his book, A Guidebook to Learning: For a Lifelong Pursuit of Wisdom, that the ten categories should not be taken as hierarchical but as circular. It took eight years of work. "The whole of the Propædia’s synoptic outline of knowledge deserves to be read carefully,” Adler wrote in A Guidebook (pp. 91-2). “It represents a twentieth-century scheme for the organization of knowledge that is more comprehensive than any other and that also accommodates the intellectual heterodoxy of our time.”

[edit] Contributors to the Outline of Knowledge

Contributors to the Outline of Knowledge in the Propædia
Name Date of birth Date of death Part of Outline Description Index
Mortimer J. Adler 1902 2001 All Parts Editor 1
Charles Van Doren 1926 All Parts Associate editor; Editorial Vice President of Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. (1973-1982) 2
William J. Gorman 1982 All Parts Associate editor; Senior Fellow of the Institute for Philosophical Research 3
A. G. W. Cameron Matter and Energy Professor of Astronomy, Harvard University 4
Farrington Daniels 1972 Matter and Energy Professor of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison 5
Morton Hamermesh Matter and Energy Professor of Physics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (1975-1986) 6
Vincent E. Parker Matter and Energy Emeritus Professor of Physics, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona; Dean, School of Science (1967-1977) 7
R. J. Chorley The Earth Professor of Geography, University of Cambridge; Fellow of Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge 8
William Stelling von Arx The Earth Senior Scientist, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (1968-1978) 9
Peter John Wyllie The Earth Professor of Geology and Chairman, Division of Geological and Planetary Sciences, California Institute of Technology 10
N. J. Berrill Life on Earth Strathcone Professor of Zoology, McGill University (1946-1965) 11
V. G. Dethier 1993 Life on Earth Gilbert L. Woodside Professor of Zoology, University of Massachusetts at Amherst (1975-1993) 12
Louis S. Goodman Life on Earth Distinguished Professor of Pharmacology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City 13
Garrett Hardin Life on Earth Emeritus Professor of Human Ecology, University of California, Santa Barbara 14
Ernst Walter Mayr Life on Earth Alexander Agassiz Professor Emeritus of Zoology, Harvard University 15
John Alexander Moore Life on Earth Emeritus Professor of Biology, University of California, Riverside 16
Theodore T. Puck Life on Earth Professor of Biology, Biophysics and Genetics; Distinguished Professor of Medicine, University of Colorado, Health Sciences Center; Director, Eleanor Roosevelt Institute for Cancer Research 17
Birgit Vennesland Life on Earth Head, Vennesland Research Laboratory, Max Planck Society (1970-1981); Director, Max Planck Institute for Cell Physiology, Berlin (1968-1970) 18
Paul B. Weisz Life on Earth Professor of Biology, Brown University 19
Ralph H. Wetmore Life on Earth Emeritus Professor of Botany, Harvard University 20
Emil H. White Life on Earth D. Mead Johnson Professor of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University 21
Wilfrid Edward Le Gros Clark 1971 Human Life Professor of Anatomy, University of Oxford 22
Russell S. Fisher 1985 Human Life Chief Medical Examiner, State of Maryland; Professor of Forensic Pathology, University of Maryland Medical School, Baltimore 23
F. Clark Howell Human Life Professor of Antropology, University of California, Berkeley 24
Gregory A. Kimble Human Life Emeritus Professor of Psychology, Duke University 25
Erich Klinghammer Human Life Associate Professor of Psychology, Purdue University 26
Warren Sturgis McCulloch 1969 Human Life Staff member, Research Laboratory of Electronics, MIT (1952-1969) 27
William J. McGuire Human Life Professor of Psychology, Yale University 28
Peter Medawar 1987 Human Life Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine, 1960; Jodrell Professor of Zoology and Comparative Anatomy, University College, London (1951-1962); Director, National Institute, Mill Hill, London (1962-1971); Scientific staff member, Medical Research Council, England (1971-1984) 29
William J. Baumol Human Society Professor of Economics, New York University; Emeritus Professor of Economics, Princeton University 30
Daniel Bell Human Society Henry Ford II Professor Emeritus of Social Science, Harvard University 31
Guiliano H. Bonfante Human Society Former Professor of Linguistics, University of Turin 32
Kenneth E. Boulding 1993 Human Society Distinguished Professor of Economics, University of Colorado, Boulder 33
Lewis A. Coser Human Society Distinguished Professor Emeritus of Sociology, SUNY, Stony Brook 34
Sigmund Diamond Human Society Giddings Professor Emeritus of Sociology, Columbia University 35
Carl J. Friedrich 1984 Human Society Eaton Professor of the Science of Government, Harvard University (1955-1971) 36
Paul Mundy Human Society Professor of Sociology and Chairman, Department of Criminal Justice, Loyola University 37
Kenyon E. Poole 1988 Human Society Professor of Economics, Northwestern University 38
C. Herman Pritchett Human Society Emeritus Professor of Political Science, University of California, Santa Barbara and University of Chicago 39
Sol Tax 1995 Human Society Professor of Anthropology, University of Chicago (1948-1976); Director, Center for the Study of Man, Smithsonian Institution 40
Charles Raymond Whittlesey Human Society Emeritus Professor of Finance and Economics, University of Pennsylvania 41
Rudolf Arnheim Art Emeritus professor of Psychology of Art, Carpenter Center for the Visual Arts, Harvard University 42
Robert Jesse Charleston 1994 Art Keeper, Department of Ceramics, Victoria and Albert Museum (1963-1976) 43
Clifton Fadiman Art Member, Board of Editors, Encyclopædia Britannica 44
Francis Fergusson 1986 Art Professor of Comparative Literature, Rutgers University (1953-1969); Professor of Comparative Literature, Princeton University (1973-1981) 45
John Gloag 1981 Art Novelist and writer on architecture and industrial design 46
Richard Griffith 1969 Art Curator, Museum of Modern Art Film Library (1951-1965); Lecturer on Motion Pictures, Wesleyan University (1967-1969) 47
Richard Hoggart Art Professor of English, University of Birmingham (1962-1973); Warden, Goldsmiths' College, University of London (1976-1984) 48
Edward Lockspeiser 1973 Art Officier d'Académie, Paris; Writer and broadcaster on music. 49
Roy McMullen 1984 Art Author, critic, and art historian 50
Leonard B. Meyer Art Benjamin Franklin Professor of Music and Humanities, University of Pennsylvania 51
Michael Morrow 1994 Art Music editor, Encyclopædia Britannica; Director, Musica Reservata, London 52
Beaumont Newhall 1993 Art Director, Eastman Kodak House (1958-1971); Visiting Professor of Art, University of New Mexico (1971-1984) 53
Herbert Read 1968 Art Watson Gordon Professor of Fine Art, University of Edinburgh (1931-1933); editor, The Burlington Magazine (1933-1939); Charles Eliot Norton professor of Poetry, Harvard University (1953-1954) 54
Richard Roud 1989 Art Program Director, London (1959-1963) and New York (1963-1987) Film Festivals; Film critic, The Guardian (1963-1969) 55
George Savage 1982 Art Art consultant; author of Porcelain Through the Ages, Pottery Through the Ages, and other works 56
Wolfgang Stechow 1974 Art Professor of Fine Arts, Oberlin College (1940-1963) 57
Joshua C. Taylor 1981 Art William Rainey Harper Professor of Humanities and Professor of Art, University of Chicago (1963-1974); Director, National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution 58
Everard M. Upjohn 1978 Art Professor of Fine Arts, Columbia University (1951-1970) 59
Pierre Verlet Art Chief Curator, Cluny Museum (1945-1965); Chief Curator, National Museum of Sèvres Porcelain (1945-1965); Chief Curator of Art Objects from the Middle Ages to the Modern Period, Louvre Museum (1945-1965) 60
René Wellek 1995 Art Sterling Professor of Comparative Literature, Yale University (1952-1972) 61
Glynne William Gladstone Wickham Art Emeritus Professor of Drama, University of Bristol; Dean, Faculty of Arts (1970-1972) 62
Raymond (Henry) Williams 1988 Art Professor of Drama, University of Cambridge (1974-1983); Fellow of Jesus College, Cambridge (1961-1988) 63
Paul S. Wingert 1974 Art Professor of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia University 64
Bruno Zevi Art Professor of Architectural History, University of Rome (1963-1979) 65
Constantine Apostolos Doxiadis 1975 Technology Chairman, Doxiadis Associates International; Chairman, Board of Directors, Doxiadis Associates, Inc.; Washington D.C. Chairman, Board of Directors, Athens Technological Organization; President, Athens Center of Ekistics 66
Eugene S. Ferguson Technology Emeritus Professor of History, University of Delaware; Curator of Technology, Hagley Museum, Greenville Delaware 67
Melvin Kranzberg 1995 Technology Callaway Professor of the History of Technology, Georgia Institute of Technology (1972-1988) 68
Harvey G. Mehlhouse Technology Vice President, Western Electric Company, New York City (1965-1969); President (1969-1971); Chairman of the Board (1971-1972) 69
Robert Smith Woodbury 1983 Technology Professor of the History of Technology, MIT 70
Arthur Llewellyn Basham 1986 Religion Professor of Asian Civilizations, Australian National University 71
James T. Burtchaell Religion Professor of Theology, University of Notre Dame; Provost (1970-1977) 72
J. V. Langmead Casserley 1978 Religion Professor of Apologetics, Seabury-Western Theological Seminary 73
Ichiro Hori 1974 Religion Professor of the History of Religions, Seijo University and Kokugakuin University 74
Jaroslav Jan Pelikan Religion Sterling Professor of History, Yale University; President, American Academy of Arts and Sciences 75
Jakob Josef Petuchowski 1991 Religion Sol and Arlene Bronstein Professor of Judeo-Christian Studies, Hebreew Union College, Jewish Institute of Religion, Cincinnati (1981-1991) 76
Jacques Barzun The History of Mankind University Professor Emeritus, Columbia University; Dean of Faculties and Provost (1958-1967) 77
Otto Allen Bird The Branches of Knowledge Emeritus Professor of Arts and Letters, University of Notre Dame 78
Wing-Tsit Chan 1994 The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Chinese Philosophy and Culture, Dartmouth College (1942-1966); Anna R. D. Gillespie Professor of Philosophy, Chatham College (1966-1982) 79
William H. Dray The Branches of Knowledge Emeritus Professor of Philosophy and of History, University of Ottawa 80
Norwood Hanson 1967 The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Philosophy, Yale University (1963-1967) 81
J. H. Hexter 1996 The Branches of Knowledge Charles L. Stillé Professor of History, Yale University (1967-1978); Distinguished Historian in residence, Washington University (1978-1986) 82
Ernan V. McMullin The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Philosophy, University of Notre Dame 83
Karl Menger 1985 The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Mathematics, Illinois Institute of Technology (1946-1971) 84
Arthur Norman Prior 1969 The Branches of Knowledge Fellow, Balliol College, University of Oxford; Professor of Philosophy, Manchester University (1959-1966) 85
Nicholas Rescher The Branches of Knowledge University Professor of Philosophy, University of Pittsburgh; editor, American Philosophical Quarterly 86
Seymour Schuster The Branches of Knowledge Professor of Mathematics, Carleton College 87

[edit] Part One. Matter and Energy

[edit] Part Two. The Earth

  • Division I. The Earth's Properties, Structure, and Composition
    • 211. The Planet Earth
    • 212. The Earth's Physical Properties
    • 213. The Structure and Composition of the Earth's Interior
    • 214. The Earth's Constituent Minerals and Rocks
  • Division II. The Earth's Envelope: Its Atmosphere and Hydrosphere
    • 221. The Atmosphere
    • 222. The Hydrosphere: the Oceans, Freshwater Bodies, and Ice Masses
    • 223. Weather and Climate
  • Division III. The Earth's Surface Features
    • 231. Physical features of the Earth's Surface
    • 232. Features Produced by Geomorphic Processes Acting on the Earth's Surface
  • Division IV. The Earth's History
    • 241. origin and Development of the Earth and Its Envelopes
    • 242. The Interpretation of the Geologic Record
    • 243. The Eras and Periods of Geologic Time

[edit] Part Three. Life on Earth

  • Division I. The Nature and Diversity of Living Things
    • 311. Characteristics of Living Things
    • 312. The Origin of Life and the Evolution of Living Things
    • 313. The Classification of Living Things
  • Division II. The Molecular Basis of Vital Processes
    • 321. Chemicals and the Vital Processes
    • 322. Metabolism: Bioenergetics and Biosynthesis
    • 323. Vital Processes at the Molecular Level
  • Division III. The Structures and Functions of Organisms
    • 331. The Cellular Basis of Form and Function
    • 332. The Relation of Form and Function in Organisms
    • 333. Coordination of Vital Processes: Regulation and Integration
    • 334. Covering and Support: Integumentary, Skeletal, and Musculatory Systems
    • 335. Nutrition: the Procurement and Processing of Nutrients
    • 336. Gas exchange, Internal Transport, and Elimination
    • 337. Reproduction and Sex
    • 338. Development: Growth, Differentiation, and Morphogenesis
    • 339. Heredity: the Transmission of Traits
  • Division IV. Behavioral Responses of Organisms
    • 341. Nature and Pattern of Behavioral Responses
    • 342. Development and Range of Behavioral Capacities: Individual and Group Behaviour
  • Division V. The Biosphere:the World of Living Things
    • 351. Basic Features of the Biosphere
    • 352. Biological Populations and Communities
    • 353. Hazards of Life in the Biosphere: Disease and Death
    • 354. Biogeographic Distribution of Organisms: Ecosystems
    • 355. The Place of Humans in the Biosphere

[edit] Part Four. Human Life

  • Division I. Stages in the Development of Human Life on Earth
    • 411. Human Evolution
    • 412. Human Heredity: the Races of Mankind
  • Division II. The Human Organism: Health and Disease
    • 421. The Structures and Functions of the Human Body
    • 422. Human Health
    • 423. Human Diseases
    • 424. The Practice of Medicine and the Care of Health
  • Division III. Human Behaviour and Experience
    • 431. Human Nature and Experience: General Considerations
    • 432. Influence of the Current Environment on a Person's Behaviour and Conscious Experience: Attention, Sensation, and Perception
    • 433. Current Internal States Affecting a Person's Behaviour and Conscious Experience
    • 434. Persisting Capacities and Inclinations That Influence Human Behaviour and Conscious Experience
    • 435. Development of a Person's Potentials: Learning and Thinking
    • 436. Personality and the Self: Integration and Disintegration of the Person as a Whole

[edit] Part Five. Human Society

  • Division I. Social Groups: Peoples and Cultures
    • 511. Peoples and Cultures of the World
    • 512. The Development of Human Culture
    • 513. Major Cultural Components and Institutions of Human Societies
    • 514. Language and Communication
  • Division II. Social Organization and Social Change
    • 521. Social Structure and Change
    • 522. The Group Structure of Society
    • 523. Social Status
    • 524. Human Populations: Urban and Rural Communities
  • Division III. The Production, Distirbution, and Utilization of Wealth
    • 531. Economic Concepts, Issues, and Systems
    • 532. The Consumer and the Market: Pricing and the Mechanims for Distributing Goods
    • 533. The Organization of Production and Distribution
    • 534. The Distribution of Income and Wealth
    • 535. Macroeconomics
    • 536. Economic Growth and Planning
  • Division IV. Politics and Government
    • 541. Political theory
    • 542. Political Institutions: the Structure, Branches, and Offices of Government
    • 543. The Functioning of Government: the Dynamics of the Political Process
    • 544. International Relations: Peace and War
  • Division V. Law
    • 551. Philosophies and Systems of Law; the Practice of Law
    • 552. Branches of Public Law, Substantive and Procedural
    • 553. Branches of Private Law, Substantive and Procedural
  • Division VI. Education
    • 561. The Aims and Organization of Education
    • 562. Education Around the World

[edit] Part Six. Art

  • Division I. Art in General
    • 611. Theory and Classification of the Arts
    • 612. Experience and criticism of Works of Art; the Nonaesthetic Context of Art
    • 613. Characteristics of the Arts in Particular Cultures
  • Division II. The Particular Arts
    • 621. Literature
    • 622. Theatre
    • 623. Motion Pictures
    • 624. Music
    • 625. Dance
    • 626. Architecture, Garden and Landscape Design, and Urban Design
    • 627. Sculpture
    • 628. Drawing, Painting, Printmaking, and Photography
    • 629. Arts of Decoration and Functional Design

[edit] Part Seven. Technology

  • Division I. The Nature and Development of Technology
    • 711. Technology: Its Scope and History
    • 712. The Organization of Human Work
  • Division II. Elements of Technology
    • 721. Technology of Energy Conversion and Utilization
    • 722. Technology of Tools and Machines
    • 723. Technology of Measurement, Observation, and Control
    • 724. Extraction and Conversion of Industrial Raw Materials
    • 725. Technology of Industrial Production Processes
  • Division III. Major Fields of Technology
    • 731. Agriculture and Food Production
    • 732. Technology of the Major Industries
    • 733. Construction Technology
    • 734. Transportation Technology
    • 735. Technology of Information processing and of Communications Systems
    • 736. Military Technology
    • 737. Technology of the Urban Community
    • 738. Technology of Earth and Space Exploration

[edit] Part Eight. Religion

  • Division I. Religion in General
    • 811. Knowledge and Understanding of Religion
    • 812. The Religious Life: Institutions and Practices
  • Division II. The Particular Religions
    • 821. Prehistoric Religion and Primitive Religion
    • 822. Religions of Ancient Peoples
    • 823. Hinduism and Other Religions of India
    • 824. Buddhism
    • 825. Indigenous Religions of East Asia: Religions of China, Korea, and Japan
    • 826. Judaism
    • 827. Christianity
    • 828. Islām
    • 829. Other Religions and Religious Movements in the Modern World

[edit] Part Nine. The History of Mankind

  • Division I. Peoples and Civilizations of Ancient Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe
    • 911. Early peoples and Civilizations of Southwest Asia and Egypt, the Aegean, and North Africa
    • 912. Peoples of Ancient Europe and the Classical Civilizations of the Ancient Mediterranean World to AD 395
  • Division II. Peoples and Civilizations of Medieval Europe, North Africa, and Southwest Asia
    • 921. Western Europe, the Byzantine (Eastern Roman) Empire, and Eastern Europe from AD 395 to c. 1050
    • 922. The Formative Period in Islāmic History, from AD 622 to c. 1055
    • 923. Western Christendom in the High and Later Middle Ages (c. 1050 - c. 1500)
    • 924. The Crusading Movement, the Islāmic States of Southwest Asia, North Africa, and Europe, and the States of Eastern Christendom from c. 1050 to c. 1480
  • Division III. Peoples and Traditional Civilizations of East, Central, South, and Southeast Asia
    • 931. China to the Beginning of the Late T'ang (AD 755)
    • 932. China from the Late T'ang (AD 755) to the Late Ch'ing (c. 1839)
    • 933. Inner (Central and Northeast) Asia to c. 1750
    • 934. Japan to the Meiji restoration (1868), and Korea to 1910
    • 935. The Indian Subcontinent and Ceylon to c. AD 1200
    • 936. The Indian Subcontinent from c. 1200 to 1761, and Ceylon from c. 1200 to 1505
    • 937. The Peoples and Civilizations of Southeast Asia to c. 1600
  • Division IV. Peoples and Civilizations of Sub-Saharan Africa to 1885
    • 941. West Africa to c. 1885
    • 942. The Nilotic Sudan and Ethiopia from c. AD 550 to 1885
    • 943. East Africa and Madagascar to c. 1885
    • 944. Central Africa to c. 1885
    • 945. Southern Africa to c. 1885
  • Division V. Peoples and Civilizations of Pre-Columbian America
    • 951. Andean Civilization to c. AD 1540
    • 952. Meso-American Civilization to c. AD 1540
  • Division VI. The Modern World to 1920
    • 961. Western Europe from c. 1500 to c. 1789
    • 962. Eastern Europe, Southwest Asia, and North Africa from c. 1480 to c. 1800
    • 963. Europe from 1789 to c. 1920
    • 964. European Colonies in the Americas from 1492 to c. 1790
    • 965. Development of the United States and Canada from 1763 to 1920
    • 966. Development of the Latin-American and Caribbean Nations to c. 1920
    • 967. Australia and Oceania to c. 1920
    • 968. South Asia Under the Influence of European Imperialism from c. 1500 to c. 1920
    • 969. Southeast Asia Under the Influence of European Imperialism to c. 1920
    • 96/10. China from 1839 Until the Onset of Revolution (to c. 1911), and Japan from the Meiji restoration to c. 1910
    • 96/11. Southwest Asia and North Africa (c. 1800-1920), and Sub-Saharan Africa (1885-c. 1920) Under the Influence of European Imperialism: the Early Colonial Period
  • Division VII. The World since 1920
    • 971. International Movements, Diplomacy, and War Since 1920
    • 972. Europe Since c. 1920
    • 973. The United States and Canada Since 1920
    • 974. Latin-America and Caribbean Nations Since c. 1920
    • 975. East Asia: China in Revolution, the Era of Japanese Hegemony, and the Influence of the United States in the 20th Century
    • 976. South and Southeast Asia: the Late Colonial Period and the Emergence of New Nations Since 1920
    • 977. Australia and Oceania Since 1920
    • 978. Southwest Asia and Africa: the Late Colonial Period and the Emergence of New Nations in the 20th Century

[edit] Part Ten. The Branches of Knowledge

  • Division I. Logic
    • 10/11. History and Philosophy of Logic
    • 10/12. Formal Logic, Metalogic, and Applied Logic
  • Division II. Mathematics
    • 10/21. History and Foundations of Mathematics
    • 10/22. Branches of Mathematics
    • 10/23. Applications of Mathematics
  • Division III. Science
    • 10/31. History and Philosophy of Science
    • 10/32. The Physical Sciences
    • 10/33. The Earth Sciences
    • 10/34. The Biological Sciences
    • 10/35. Medicine and Affiliated Disciplines
    • 10/36. The Social Sciences and Psychology and Linguistics
    • 10/37. The Technological Sciences
  • Division IV. History and the Humanities
    • 10/41. Historiography and the Study of History
    • 10/42. The Humanities and Humanistic Scholarship
  • Division V. Philosophy
    • 10/51. History of Philosophy
    • 10/52. The Nature and Divisions of Philosophy
    • 10/53. Philosophical Schools and Doctrines
  • Division VI. Preservation of Knowledge
    • 10/61. Institutions and Techniques for the Collection, Storage, Dissemination, and Preservation of Knowledge

[edit] See also

[edit] Reference

  1. ^ a b Adler, Mortimer J.. (2007). ""Circle of Learning"". The New Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc..
  2. ^ Wikipedia:Categorical index - English Wikipedia, retrieved on 2007-01-27
  3. ^ Wikipedia:Portal - English Wikipedia, retrieved on 2007-01-27
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