Prometaphase

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In early prometaphase, the nuclear membrane has just degraded, allowing the microtubules to quickly interact with the kinetochores on the chromosomes, which have just condensed.

Microtubules invade the nuclear space.

In late prometaphase, most of the chromosomes have begun the events of metaphase while the rest should have at least have one kinetochore connected.

Prometaphase is the phase of mitosis following prophase and preceding metaphase, in eukaryotic somatic cells.

[edit] Open and closed mitosis

In "open mitosis", microtubules which have radiated from the two centrosomes located at the opposite poles of the cells invade the nuclear space as the nuclear envelope disassembles. This allows the microtubules to reach for the chromosomes to align them at the metaphase plate to ensure proper segregation of the gentic material.

Some protists, such as algae, undergo a variation called "closed mitosis" where the microtubules are able to penetrate an intact nuclear envelope.

[edit] Formation of kinetochore

Following nuclear envelope diassembly, kinetochores form at the centromeres of the chromosomes, with one for each chromatid.

A kinetochore is a complex protein structure where microtubules interact with the chromosome. Although kinetochore structure and function are not fully understood, it is known that it contains a molecular motor.

When a microtubule connects with the kinetochore, the motor activates, using energy from ATP to "crawl" up the tube toward the originating centrosome. The kinetochore provides the pulling force necessary to later separate the chromosome's two chromatids.

[edit] Two types of microtubules

The microtubules are composed of two types, kinetochore microtubules and non-kinetochore microtubules.

• Kinetochore microtubules begin searching for kinetochores to attach to.
• A number of non-kinetochore microtubules find and interact with corresponding nonkinetochore microtubules from the opposite centrosome to form the mitotic spindle.

[edit] Transition from prometaphase to metaphase

The role of prometaphase is completed when all of the kinetochore microtubules have attached to their kinetochores, upon which metaphase begins. An unattached kinetochore, and thus a non-aligned chromosome, even when most of the other chromosomes have lined up, will trigger the spindle checkpoint signal. This prevents premature progression into anaphase by inhibiting the anaphase-promoting complex until all kinetochores is attached and all the chromosomes aligned.

Early events of metaphase can coincide with the later events of prometaphase, as chromosomes with connected kinetochores will start the events of metaphase individually before other chromosomes with unconnected kinetochores that are still lingering in the events of prometaphase.