Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia
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The Presbyterian Church of Eastern Australia (PCEA) is a Presbyterian denomination which was formed in Sydney on 10 October 1846 by three ministers and a ruling elder. As of December 2005 it consists of 12 pastoral charges with 9 serving ministers, and a community of about 1,000 (including 500 communicant members).
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[edit] Origins
In October 1840 the Presbyterian ministers then in mainland Australia formed the "Synod of Australia in connection with the Established Church of Scotland". However, the movement in the Established Church of Scotland, which resulted in the exodus of about 40% of the ministers in 1843 to form the Free Church of Scotland, had repercussions in Australia. Ultimately the Australian Synod decided to retain its legal and moral connection with the Established Church despite the acceptance of what was considered improper State interference by that body, contrary to the Confession of Faith. This led to Rev William McIntyre (Maitland), Rev John Tait (Parramatta), Rev Colin Stewart (Bowenfels) and Samuel Martin (Hunter elder) protesting and constituting a new Synod on the original basis. While independent of the Free Church of Scotland the PCEA received its ministers from that source. In far-off Melbourne James Forbes of Scots Church also protested and withdrew. He formed the Free Presbyterian Church of Australia Felix (afterwards Victoria). The remnant of this body joined the PCEA in 1953.
[edit] History
The revolution caused by the discovery of gold in 1851, brought more ministers and a vastly increased population. The three Presbyterian divisions then existing in Australia – representing the Established, Free and United Presbyterian Church of Scotland streams – achieved union over the years 1859/1865. Sections of the latter two streams remained apart, the Free because of the practical compromise considered to be involved in the united body receiving ministers from the different streams, despite the Free Church of Scotland policy from 1858 being in favour of colonial unions. It was considered that diversity of view at this point established an attitude which would lead to diversity on other points at the very heart of the faith. There was also concern that toleration of a view point found among United Presbyterians could lead to the secular ideal of the state, which indeed developed in the 20th century. The PCEA became a very active body, although short of ministers until 1853.
Seven of the 22 PCEA ministers in November 1864 stayed out of the union. Most early PCEA members were Highland Scots or conservative Irish Presbyterians. The PCEA grew to 12 ministers within a few years of 1864, despite the death of early leaders, but suffered a serious schism in 1884 over the training of students. This was not healed until the 20th century, and much ground was lost. Additionally there was no recognition by the Free Church of Scotland from 1864 until after 1900, when close relations were resumed. Until recent years the membership was largely outside major cities.
[edit] Distinctive Position
The PCEA is distinguished from the Presbyterian Church of Australia by adherence to “the whole doctrine” of the Confession of Faith as adopted by the Church of Scotland in 1647 and vindicated in the Scottish Disruption of 1843. It does not have what it considers the ambiguous Declaratory Statement of that Presbyterian Church of Australia (the "PCA"), which includes allowance of “liberty of opinion on matters not essential to the doctrine” without defining what is essential. Despite this difference there have been many strong connections with the PCA, particularly since it has moved to a more conservative theology since 1977. One minister served as Professor in the PCA Theological College in Melbourne 1977-81, another as Principal of Presbyterian Ladies' College (Melbourne) 1986-97, and another has written extensively on Australian Presbyterian history.
The PCEA is often noted for its practice of exclusive psalmody. This is the maintenance of the older pre-1870 approach to public worship among Presbyterians in which the 150 psalms of the Word of God in metrical form were exclusively used, and without instrumental accompaniment. The Scottish Psalter of 1650 was traditionally used in the PCEA, but is now supplanted in a number of congregations by more modern versions. The principle behind the practice of exclusive psalmody is that Scripture should regulate our worship and that we cannot do better than to use the Word of God in the public worship.
[edit] Organisation
The PCEA’s supreme assembly is a Synod which meets annually. The PCEA has an arrangement enabling ready interchange of ministers with the Free Church of Scotland, and is a member of the International Conference of Reformed Churches. The PCEA does not own its own theological college, but has trained ministers in the Free Church of Scotland College, Edinburgh, at the Reformed Theological College, Geelong, and, more recently, in the training institutions of the mainline Presbyterian Church.
The current communicant membership is 500 with a total community of about 1000. A significant work is developing among Sudanese refugees in Melbourne. Another minister provides leadership for Australian Indigenous Ministries (formerly Aboriginal Inland Mission).
The main centres are: Northern Presbytery: Brisbane (Woolowin); Northern Rivers (Maclean, Grafton); Armidale; Hastings (Wauchope, Port Macquarie) Central Presbytery: Manning (Taree, Wingham, Tinonee; Hunter (Queens Ave, Cardiff, Raymond Terrace; Sydney: St Georges, 201a Castlereagh St., Mt Druitt, Bexley North Southern Presbytery: Geelong (Newcomb), Melbourne - Knox (Wantirna), Glen Huntly; Narre Warren; Ulverstone, Tasmania
