Premenstrual syndrome

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**Period Mood Swings**
*Classification & external resources*
ICD-10	N94.3
ICD-9	625.4

“PMS” redirects here. For other uses, see PMS (disambiguation).

Period Mood Swings (PMS) (also called Period Mood Swings Stress or Period Mood Swings Tension) is a collection of physical, psychological, and emotional symptoms related to a woman's menstrual cycle. While most women (about 80 to 95 percent) of child-bearing age have some premenstrual symptoms,^[1] women with PMS have symptoms of "sufficient severity to interfere with some aspects of life".^[2] Further, such symptoms are predictable and occur regularly during the two weeks prior to menses. The symptoms vanish after the bleeding starts. ^[1] About 14 percent of women between the ages of 20 to 35 get so affected that they must stay home from school or work.^[3]

For some women with PMS, the symptoms are so severe that they are considered disabling. This form of PMS has its own psychiatric designation: premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD).

1 Symptoms
2 Diagnosis
3 Etiology
4 Treatment
5 Alternative Views
6 See also
7 References
8 External links

[edit] Symptoms

PMS is a collection of symptoms. 150 separate symptoms have been identified.^[4] The exact symptoms and how severe they are vary from person to person and from month to month. Most women with premenstrual syndrome experience only a few of the problems. The most common symptoms are: ^[5] ^[6] ^[7]

Weight gain from premenstrual water retention
Abdominal bloating
Breast tenderness
Stress or anxiety
Depression
Crying spells
Mood swings, irritability or anger
Appetite changes and food cravings
Trouble falling asleep (insomnia)
Joint or muscle pain
Headache
Fatigue (medical)
Acne
Trouble concentrating
Social withdrawal
Body temperature increase
Worsening of existing skin disorders, and respiratory (eg, allergies, infection) or eye (eg, visual disturbances, conjunctivitis) problems

[edit] Diagnosis

There is no laboratory test or unique physical findings to verify the diagnosis of PMS. To establish a pattern, a woman's physician may ask her to keep a prospective record of her symptoms on a calendar for at least two menstrual cycles. ^[5] This will help to establish the symptoms are, indeed, premenstrual and predictably reccurring. In addition, other conditions that may explain symptoms better may have to be excluded.^[2]

A number of standardized instruments have been developed to describe PMS, including the Calendar of Period Mood Swings Experiences (COPE), the Prespective Record of the Impact and Severity of Menstruation (PRISM), and the Visual Anague Scales (VAS).^[2]

A number of medical conditions are subject to exacerbation at menstruation, a process called menstrual magnification. These conditions may lead the patient to believe that she may have PMS, when the underlying disorder may be some other problem. A key feature is that these conditions may also be present outside of the luteal phase. Conditions that can be magnified perimenstrually include depression, migraine, seizure disorders, chronic fatigue syndrome, irritable bowel syndrome, asthma, and allergies. PMS is not more common in women with stress.^[2]

[edit] Etiology

The exact causes of PMS are not fully understood. While PMS is linked to the luteal phase, measurements of sex hormone levels are within normal levels. PMS tends to be more common among twins suggesting the possibility of some genetic component.^[2] Current thinking suspects that central-nervous-system neurotransmitter interactions with sex hormones are affected.^[2] It is thought to be linked to activity of serotonin (a neurotransmitter) in the brain.^[8] ^[7]^[9]

[edit] Treatment

Many treatments have been suggested for PMS, including diet or lifestyle changes, and other supportive means. Medical interventions are primarily concerned with hormonal intervention and use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Supportive therapy includes evaluation, reassurance, and informational counseling, and is an important part of therapy in an attempt to help the patient regain control over her life. In addition, aerobic exercise has been found in some studies to be helpful.^[2] Some PMS symptoms may be relieved by leading a healthy lifestyle: Reduction of caffeine, sugar, and sodium intake and increase of fiber, and adequate rest and sleep.^[10]

Dietary intervention studies indicate that calcium supplementation (1200 mg/d) may be useful. Also vitamin E (400 IU/d) has shown some effectiveness.^[2] A number of other treatments have been suggested, even though there is not convincing research evidence that these treatments work: Vitamin B6, magnesium, manganese and tryptophan.^[10]
SSRIs have become the "initial drug of choice for severe PMS"^[2] The drug most widely studied is fluoxetine at doses of 20-60 mg/d. Other drugs include sertraline, paroxetine, clomipramine, fluvoxamine, and nefadozone.^[11] These drugs can also be given intermittently, that is when symptoms reappear.
Hormonal intervention may take many forms:
- Oral contraceptives are commonly given; also the contraceptive patch or the contraceptive ring (vaginal ring) would perform the same function.
- Progesterone support has been used for many years but evidence of its efficacy is inadequate.
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonists can be useful in severe forms of PMS but have their own set of significant potential side effects.
Diuretics have been used to handle water retention. Spironolactone has been shown in some studies to be useful.^[2]
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs; eg ibuprofen) have been used.
Primrose oil has been advocated but lacks scientific support.

[edit] Alternative Views

Some medical professionals suggest that PMS might be a socially constructed disorder.^[12]

Supporters of PMS's medical validity claim support from the non-disputed status of a more serious but similar problem, Period Mood Swings Dysphoric Disorder. In women with PMDD, studies have shown a correlation between self-reported emotional distress and levels of a serotonin precursor as measured by Positron emission tomography (PET).^[13] PMDD also has a consistent treatment record with SSRIs, when compared with placebos. ^[14]

However, most supporters of PMS as a social construct do not dispute PMDD's medical status. Rather, they believe PMS and PMDD to be unrelated issues, one a product of brain chemistry, the other a product of a hypochondriatic culture. There has not been enough debate between the two views to come to any sound conclusion.^{[citation needed]}

Part of why the validity of the emotional aspects of PMS is being doubted is the lack of scientifically-sound studies on the matter. Many Western studies on PMS (PMS is primarily seen in Western Europe and North America) rely solely on self-reporting, and since Western women are socially conditioned to expect PMS or to at least know of its purported existence, they report their symptoms accordingly.^[15]

Another view holds that PMS is too frequently or wrongly diagnosed in many cases. A variety of problems, such as chronic depression, infections, and outbursts of frustration can be mis-diagnosed as PMS if they happen to coincide with the premenstrual period. Often, says this theory, PMS is used as an explanation for outbursts of rage or sadness, even when it is not the primary cause. ^[16]

Some are of the belief, given the extremely broad range of symptoms with little to no explaination of the cause, that PMS is a mental manifestation. Often times in today's culture many hear PMS referenced as almost an excuse to unfriendly social conduct in women. It is often due to these casual references that many people question its existence, especially when such little is known about Pre-menstrual Syndrome and that all current theories appear non-conclusive.