Portuguese verb conjugation
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In Portuguese there are three verb conjugations, distinguished by the ending of their infinitive forms, which is also the citation form:
- Verbs whose infinitive ends in -ar belong to the first conjugation (e.g. dar, lavar, matar, ladrar);
- Verbs whose infinitive ends in -er belong to the second conjugation (e.g. correr, comer, colher);
- Verbs whose infinitive ends in -ir belong to the third conjugation (e.g. partir, ir, destruir, urdir);
- The verb pôr is conventionally placed in the second conjugation by many authors, since it is derived from Old Portuguese poer (Latin ponere). In any event, this is an irregular verb whose conjugation must be learned on its own. Other verbs with infinitives ending in -or, such as depor, compor, and propor are derivatives of pôr, and are conjugated in the same way.
In each conjugation, verbs have four synthetic non-finite forms:
- Infinitivo (impessoal) (Impersonal infinitive) - equivalent to the English 'to do'.
- Gerúndio (Gerund) - equivalent to the English 'doing'.
- Particípio Passado (Past participle) - equivalent to the English 'done'.
- Infinitivo pessoal (Personal infinitive) - '(for I) to do', an infinitive which inflects according to its subject; a rare feature of Portuguese (and Galician).
Finite verbs appear in five tenses:
- Presente (Present) - 'I do' or 'I am doing'
- Pretérito (perfeito) (Preterite) 'I did' or 'I have done'
- (Pretérito) Imperfeito (Imperfect) 'I did', 'I used to do', or 'I was doing'
- (Pretérito) mais-que-perfeito (Pluperfect) 'I had done'
- Futuro (Future) 'I will do' or 'I am going to do'
- Futuro do pretérito (Conditional/Future of the Preterite) 'I would do' or 'I was going to do'
These are crossed with three moods (though the last below only have the present tense):
- Indicativo (Indicative) - for factual statements or positive beliefs. Example of an English equivalent: 'I have done'.
- Subjuntivo/Conjuntivo (Subjunctive) - mostly used when speaking of counterfactual, uncertain, or unfulfilled conditions: 'Were I to do'.
- Imperativo (Imperative) - equivalent to the English form 'do!'
The passive voices, most of the perfective aspect, and the progressive aspect are periphrastic. The personal infinitive and all the finite forms are additionally inflected for person and number.
The perfective aspect, not the perfect aspect, is contained in the called "Perfect Preterite" (Pretérito Perfeito).
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[edit] First conjugation (cantar)
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: cantar
- Gerund: cantando
- Past participle: cantado
- Personal infinitives: cantar, cantares, cantar, cantarmos, cantardes, cantarem
- Indicative
- Present: canto, cantas, canta, cantamos, cantais, cantam
- Imperfect: cantava, cantavas, cantava, cantávamos, cantáveis, cantavam
- Preterite: cantei, cantaste, cantou, cantámos (EP) or cantamos (BP), cantaste, cantaram
- Pluperfect: cantara, cantaras, cantara, cantáramos, cantáreis, cantaram
- Future: cantarei, cantarás, cantará, cantaremos, cantareis, cantarão
- Conditional (Preterite Future): cantaria, cantarias, cantaria, cantaríamos, cantaríeis, cantariam
- Subjunctive
- Present: cante, cantes, cante, cantemos, canteis, cantem
- Imperfect: cantasse, cantasses, cantasse, cantássemos, cantásseis, cantassem
- Future: cantar, cantares, cantar, cantarmos, cantardes, cantarem
- Imperative
- canta (tu), cante (você), cantemos (nós), cantai (vós), cantem (vocês)
[edit] Second conjugation (comer)
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: comer
- Gerund: comendo
- Past participle: comido
- Personal infinitives: comer, comeres, comer, comermos, comerdes, comerem
- Indicative
- Present: como, comes, come, comemos, comeis, comem
- Imperfect: comia, comias, comia, comíamos, comíeis, comiam
- Preterite: comi, comeste, comeu, comemos, comestes, comeram
- Pluperfect: comera, comeras, comera, comêramos, comêreis, comeram
- Future: comerei, comerás, comerá, comeremos, comereis, comerão
- Conditional: comeria, comerias, comeria, comeríamos, comeríeis, comeriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: coma, comas, coma, comamos, comais, comam
- Imperfect: comesse, comesses, comesse, comêssemos, comêsseis, comessem
- Future: comer, comeres, comer, comermos, comerdes, comerem
- Imperative
- come (tu), coma (você), comamos (nós), comei (vós), comam (vocês)
[edit] Third conjugation (partir)
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: partir
- Gerund: partindo
- Past participle: partido
- Personal infinitives: partir, partires, partir, partirmos, partirdes, partirem
- Indicative
- Present: parto, partes, parte, partimos, partis, partem
- Imperfect: partia, partias, partia, partíamos, partíeis, partiam
- Preterite: parti, partiste, partiu, partimos, partistes, partiram
- Pluperfect: partira, partiras, partira, partíramos, partíreis, partiram
- Future: partirei, partirás, partirá, partiremos, partireis, partirão
- Conditional: partiria, partirias, partiria, partiríamos, partiríeis, partiriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: parta, partas, parta, partamos, partais, partam
- Imperfect: partisse, partisses, partisse, partíssemos, partísseis, partissem
- Future: partir, partires, partir, partirmos, partirdes, partirem
- Imperative
- parte (tu), parta (você), partamos (nós), parti (vós), partam (vocês)
[edit] Quick reference
| Indicative | Subjunctive | Non-Finite Forms | |||||||
| Per. | Present | Preterite | Imperfect | Pluperfect | Future | Conditional | Present | Preterite Imperfect | Infinitive Personal |
| Eu | -o | -ei -i -i |
-ava -ia -ia |
-ara -era -ira |
-arei -erei -irei |
-aria -eria -iria |
-e -a -a |
-asse -esse -isse |
-ar -er -ir |
| Tu | -as -es -es |
-aste -este -iste |
-avas -ias -ias |
-aras -eras -iras |
-arás -erás -irás |
-arias -erias -irias |
-es -as -as |
-asses -esses -isses |
-ares -eres -ires |
| Ele | -a -e -e |
-ou -eu -iu |
-ava -ia -ia |
-ara -era -ira |
-ará -erá -irá |
-aria -eria -iria |
-e -a -a |
-asse -esse -isse |
-ar -er -ir |
| Nós | -amos -emos -imos |
-ámos (EP) or -amos (BP) -emos -imos |
-ávamos -íamos -íamos |
-áramos -êramos -íramos |
-aremos -eremos -iremos |
-aríamos -eríamos -iríamos |
-emos -amos -amos |
-ássemos -êssemos -íssemos |
-armos -ermos -irmos |
| Vós | -ais -eis -is |
-astes -estes -istes |
-áveis -íeis -íeis |
-áreis -êreis -íreis |
-areis -ereis -ireis |
-aríeis -eríeis -iríeis |
-eis -ais -ais |
-ásseis -êsseis -ísseis |
-ardes -erdes -irdes |
| Eles | -am -em -em |
-aram -eram -iram |
-avam -iam -iam |
-aram -eram -iram |
-arão -erão -irão |
-ariam -eriam -iriam |
-em -am -am |
-assem -essem -issem |
-arem -erem -irem |
| Non-Finite Forms | ||
| Infinitive Impersonal | Past Participle | Present Participle |
| -ar -er -ir |
-ado -ido -ido |
-ando -endo -indo |
[edit] haver
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: haver
- Gerund: havendo
- Past participle: havido
- Personal infinitives: haver, haveres, haver, havermos, haverdes, haverem
- Indicative
- Present: hei, hás, há, havemos or hemos (ancient), haveis or heis (ancient), hão
- Imperfect: havia, havias, havia, havíamos, havíeis, haviam
- Preterite: houve, houveste, houve, houvemos, houvestes, houveram
- Pluperfect: houvera, houveras, houvera, houvéramos, houvéreis, houveram
- Future: haverei, haverás, haverá, haveremos, havereis, haverão
- Conditional: haveria, haverias, haveria, haveríamos, haveríeis, haveriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: haja, hajas, haja, hajamos, hajais, hajam
- Imperfect: houvesse, houvesses, houvesse, houvéssemos, houvésseis, houvessem
- Future: houver, houveres, houver, houvermos, houverdes, houverem
- Imperative
- há (tu), haja (você), hajamos (nós), havei (vós), hajam (vocês)
[edit] ter
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: ter
- Gerund: tendo
- Past participle: tido
- Personal infinitives: ter, teres, ter, termos, terdes, terem
- Indicative
- Present: tenho, tens, tem, temos, tendes, têm
- Imperfect: tinha, tinhas, tinha, tínhamos, tínheis, tinham
- Preterite: tive, tiveste, teve, tivemos, tivestes, tiveram
- Pluperfect: tivera, tiveras, tivera, tivéramos, tivéreis, tiveram
- Future: terei, terás, terá, teremos, tereis, terão
- Conditional: teria, terias, teria, teríamos, teríeis, teriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: tenha, tenhas, tenha, tenhamos, tenhais, tenham
- Imperfect: tivesse, tivesses, tivesse, tivéssemos, tivésseis, tivessem
- Future: tiver, tiveres, tiver, tivermos, tiverdes, tiverem
- Imperative
- tem (tu), tenha (você), tenhamos (nós), tende (vós), tenham (vocês)
[edit] ser
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: ser
- Gerund: sendo
- Past participle: sido
- Personal infinitives: ser, seres, ser, sermos, serdes, serem
- Indicative
- Present: sou, és, é, somos, sois, são
- Imperfect: era, eras, era, éramos, éreis, eram
- Preterite: fui, foste, foi, fomos, fostes, foram
- Pluperfect: fora, foras, fora, fôramos, fôreis, foram
- Future: serei, serás, será, seremos, sereis, serão
- Conditional: seria, serias, seria, seríamos, seríeis, seriam
- Subjunctive
- Present: seja, sejas, seja, sejamos, sejais, sejam
- Imperfect: fosse, fosses, fosse, fôssemos, fôsseis, fossem
- Future: for, fores, for, formos, fordes, forem
- Imperative
- sê (tu), seja (você), sejamos (nós), sede (vós), sejam (vocês)
[edit] estar
- Non-finite forms
- Infinitive: estar
- Gerund: estando
- Past Participle: estado
- Personal infinitives: estar, estares, estar, estarmos, estardes, estarem
- Indicative
- Present: estou, estás, está, estamos, estais, estão
- Imperfect: estava, estavas, estava, estávamos, estáveis, estavam
- Preterite: estive, estiveste, esteve, estivemos, estivestes, estiveram
- Pluperfect: estivera, estiveras, estivera, estivéramos, estivéreis, estiveram
- Future: estarei, estarás, estará, estaremos, estareis, estarão
- Conditional: estaria, estarias, estaria, estaríamos, estaríeis, estariam
- Subjunctive
- Present: esteja, estejas, esteja, estejamos, estejais, estejam
- Imperfect: estivesse, estivesses, estivesse, estivéssemos, estivésseis, estivessem
- Future: estiver, estiveres, estiver, estivermos, estiverdes, estiverem
- Imperative
- está (tu), esteja (você), estejamos (nós), estai (vós), estejam (vocês)
[edit] Conditional and Future Imperfect
There are few irregular verbs for these tenses (only dizer, fazer, trazer, and their compounds - also haver, ter, ser, ir, pôr, estar, etc. - for the Subjunctive Future Imperfect). The Indicative Future Imperfect, Conditional and Subjunctive Future Imperfect tenses are formed by adding to the infinitive of the verb the Indicative Present inflections of the auxiliary verb haver (dropping the h and av), the 2nd/3rd conjugation endings of the Preterit Imperfect and the Personal Infinitive endings, respectively. Thus, for the majority of the verbs, the Simple Personal Infinitive coincides with Subjunctive Future Imperfect.
[edit] Imperative
The affirmative imperative for second person pronouns tu and vós is obtained from the present indicative, by deletion of the final -s (in some cases, an accent mark must be added to the vowel which precedes it). For other persons, and for negative clauses, the present subjunctive takes the role of imperative.
[edit] Present inflections pronunciation
In this tense, the stress fluctuates between the root and the termination. As a rule of thumb, the last radical vowel (the one that can be stressed) will retain its original pronunciation when unstressed (atonic) and change into [a], [e] (Subjunctive or Indicative 1st pers sing)/[ɛ] (Infinitive), or [o] (Subjunctive or Indicative 1st pers sing)/[ɔ] (Infinitive) - depending on the vowel in question - in case it is stressed (is in a tonic syllable). Other vowels (u, i) and nasalized sounds will probably stay unchanged. Examples: See the conjugation of comer [-u-] above, in the Indicative Present Simple. The o will assume three values [u], [o] and [ɔ]. Compare with absorver [-ɔ-]. It will be conjugated as [ɐ·ˈbsoɾ·vu], [ɐ·ˈbsɔɾ·vɨʃ], [ɐ·ˈbsɔɾ·vɨ], [ɐ·bsoɾ·ˈve·muʃ], [ɐ·bsoɾ·ˈvɐjʃ], [ɐ·ˈbsɔɾ·vɐ̃j]. The value [u] is not assumed in this case. This also has repercussions in the Imperative, for its inflections are constructed from the Indicative Present Simple.
